The Stranger, Meursault Is Condemned And Killing An Arab

In Albert Camus’ The Stranger, Meursault is condemned to death for killing an Arab. In Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein, Frankenstein’s monster is condemned to rejection by humanity, vowing vengeance against his creator as a result. In these two vastly different stories from different periods, the character developments of Meursault and the creature starkly contrast each other. The emotional responses of Meursault and the monster progress from monstrous to human and vise versa, respectively. Meursault begins The Stranger devoid of human sympathy and emotions. He demonstrates such blank indifference in the situation when Raymond brutally beats his girlfriend. Marie â€Å"asked [Meursault] to go find a policeman, but [he] told her [he] didn t like cops.† (Camus, 36) When encountering cruel domestic violence, he shows no feelings of sympathy or disgust. He has no motivation to act, allowing a mere dislike of police to trump his ability to end senseless conflict. Meursault also murders a man in cold blood. Not only does he whimsically allow the mere shine of sunlight to give him justification to end a man’s life, he further illustrates a lack of human emotion, calmly firing â€Å"four more times at the motionless body where the bullets lodged without leaving a trace.† (Camus, 59) He remains the same blank slate, without any regret or sadness for what he has done nor fear of the consequences. Although Meursault looks human, he is clearly monstrous and lac ks all emotions commonplace to people.Show MoreRelatedEssay on Camus The Stranger (The Outsider): Conformity873 Words   |  4 PagesCamus The Stranger (The Outsider)nbsp; Camus novel The Stranger presents the character of Meursault who, after killing an Arab, is sentenced to death. This conflict portrays the stark contrast between the morals of society and Meursaults evident lack of them; he is condemned to death, less for the Arabs murder, than for refusing to conform to societys standards. Meursault is an anomaly in society; he cannot relate directly to others because he does not live as they do. Meursault is simplisticRead MoreThe Stranger, My Understanding Of The Culture And Absurdist Perspective1287 Words   |  6 PagesGabriela Meza December 5th, 2016 The Stranger Reflective Statement Through our class discussion on Camus’ The Stranger, my understanding of the culture and absurdist perspective of this book was furthered amplified. During our dialogue we discussed the French existentialist movement occurring in the 1940’s and how this directly influenced both Camus’ The Stranger and his essay on Sisyphus about absurdism. It was important to note the culture and setting in which Camus wrote this novel to furtherRead MoreAnalysis Of The Novel The Stranger988 Words   |  4 Pagesperfect example of this philosophy. In the novel, ‘The Stranger’, by Albert Camus, the author creates an absurd anti-hero in Meursault to demonstrate that, because life is random and inexplicable one has to acknowledge that they don’t have control over events that transpire and that only with hope can one can contribute meaning to a meaningless existence. The randomness of life is demonstrated through the events in Meursault’s life. Meursault is thrown into the situation where he is given a promotionRead More Is Meursault Heroic in Albert Camus The Stranger? 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In the novel The Stranger, Albert Camus exemplifies the three main tenets of Absurdism through the actions, deeds and thoughts of the main character Meursault as he changes from a rigidly aloof man to one who is in love with the very idea of life The Absurdist notion that an individual needs no external value to survive isRead MoreThe Stranger3094 Words   |  13 Pages Finding Joy in Albert Camus’ The Stranger: A Different Perspective Existentialism is often defined as a philosophical movement that emphasizes individual existence, freedom and choice. Existentialism is a philosophy that emphasizes a few main points, such as the freedom to choose and how the choices you make should be made without the assistance of another person or standard. From the existentialist point of view, you must accept the risk and responsibility of your choices and follow theRead MoreLord Of The Flies Essay : Morality And Morality975 Words   |  4 Pagesafter being found guilty of killing an Arab man. However, the murder is not what earns him the death sentence, but instead his controversial outlook on life that defies the norm of human morality. Meursault is condemned to die because he does not convene to the game the humanity. The novel starts just after the death of Meursault’s mother. He makes the journey to attend the vigil and funeral over the weekend, not out of grief or love, but rather obligation. Meursault lives in a state of indifferenceRead MoreThe Stranger - Meursaults Trial Essay1020 Words   |  5 PagesAfter only a few days of trial, the jury in The Stranger declares that the main character, Meursault, is to be executed by guillotine in the town square. The trial and its verdict are one of the important parts of the novel, as Albert Camus uses them as a metaphor to summarize the two main tenets of absurdism. Camus uses the trial and persecution of Meursault to express his belief that the justice system is flawed because of his absurdist ideals that truth does not exist, and human life is preciousRead MoreThe Death Of Meursault s Mother1572 Words   |  7 Pages(Camus, pg. 3). Meursault in the novel is a person who views and describes much of what occurs around him. He is emotionally different to others around him even to his mother and his lover, Marie. He also refuses to follow the accepted moral order of society, â€Å"I said that I didn’t believe in God† (116). After Meursault kills the Arab,he goes to jail and is put on trial. However, the true focus of Meursault’s murder trial quickly slides away from the murder itself to the way Meursault believes in hisRead MoreThe Individual Versus His Environment in The Stranger and Grendel1674 Words   |  7 Pages The Individual Versus His Environment in The Stranger and Grendel Due to the multifaceted nature of literature, analysis thereof is prone to generalization. One of the most grievous generalizations oft encountered involves failing to distinguish between a character and the novel it inhabits. Take John Gardener’s Grendel and Albert Camus’s The Stranger, for instance. It’s far too easy, when analyzing for dominant ideologies, to slap them both with the label of existentialism and be done with

Gun Control Laws Is The State Of New York - 996 Words

Gun control has become a hot topic in recent times with heated debates and strong feelings coming from both sides of the issue on whether or not laws should become stricter. A frontrunner in passing gun control laws is the state of New York. The bill that was passed has tightened the parameters of a preexisting assault weapon ban to reduce the legal limit for rounds of ammunition a magazine clips can carry from ten down to seven and has lowered the previously allowed number of two military style features to one. Other new measures in the bill are that gun licenses will need to be renewed every five years and records will be kept in a recently introduced registry. A mandatory background check will also be implemented at the sale of any gun. Though these sections of the bill seem reasonable, there are parts that don’t quite make sense. For instance that medical professionals are asked to inform authorities if a patient may be at risk of harming themselves or others and that gun storage is only required when living with a convicted criminal or a person who is ineligible to have a gun license and that only gun owners with specific living situations need to have safe gun storage (New York leads on Gun Control). While the weapons laws in the state of New York are an excellent start to protecting our right to bear arms while maintaining the safety of citizens, there is still room for improvement before the laws are adopted on a Federal level. Gun registration, even for firearmsShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Stricter Gun Control On The United States1352 Words   |  6 Pagesabout states in the U.S. proves the correlation between strict gun control policies and deaths related to firearms to the least extent. According to an article published by Richard Florida on CityLab, a research shows that states with stricter gun control have fewer gun-related fatalities. The study in the article was conducted by researchers at Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and Harvard School of Public Health. Researchers measured â€Å"legislative strength† of gun control policiesRead MoreThe New York State Secure Ammunition and Firearms Enforcment Act of 20131014 Words   |  4 Pages The New York State Secure Ammunition and Firearms Enforcement Act of 2013 or SAFE Act was signed into law January 15, 2013. The law was written in reaction to the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting in Newtown, Connecticut. This Bill passed the New York State Senate on January 14th, and the State Assembly January 15th. Not long after, the bill was signed by Governor Andrew Cuomo. With this new bill in place, New York State has climbed to the top with the toughest gun control law in the UnitedRead MoreGun Laws Should Be Stricter Gun Control1227 Words   |  5 PagesUnited States are the most top armed nations around the world, and there are 270 million guns which are held by US civilians (Brussel). With the large number of guns, it could become unpredictable without proper gun control. As an example, the tragedy was brought upon the nation on December 14 2012, twenty children and six staff members was killed by a single man at Sandy Hook Elementary school. New York passed the A mmunition and Firearms enforcement act of 2013 becoming the first state to respondRead MoreEssay about The Second Amendment1632 Words   |  7 Pagesnecessary to the security of a Free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed.† - Second Amendment. Throughout history, this sentence of twenty seven words has caused an intense debate. The polemic is that some people claim that a gun control policy is unconstitutional, while others disagree and even say it is necessary in order to reduce crime. Now, what does gun control mean? If it means to analyze who is responsible enough to own a gun by a â€Å"Universal Background Check†;Read MoreThe Benefits of Strict Gun Laws Essay1010 Words   |  5 Pagesmurdered by firearms in New York, New Jersey, and Connecticut. Gun violence is a violence committed with the use of a firearm. Criminal gun violence includes; murder, assault with a deadly weapon, suicide, or attempted suicide. Main reasons why people buy guns are because of self defense, hunting, target shooting, and just for fun. In the New York Metropolitan area mainly people want guns for self defense. Due to strict laws, the New York Metropolitan Area has some of the lowest gun violence in the entireRead MoreThe world around us changes every day and with that, so do the laws that govern the world in which1500 Words   |  6 PagesThe world around us changes every day and with that, so do the laws that govern the world in which we live in. The second amendment of the constitution states that, â€Å"A well-regulated militia, being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms, shall not be infringed (The United States Constitution 1995).† Based on the concept and understanding of the second amendment an individual whether man, woman, or child has a divine right to protect themselves shouldRead MoreThe Problem Of Gun Control1120 Words   |  5 PagesOct. 2015 California Gun Control More gun control means fewer deaths and crimes. Gun control in California is already very strict, but not strict enough. 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Every American has the constitutionalRead More Gun Control Laws Take Guns Away from Law-abiding Citizens Essay1293 Words   |  6 Pages Gun control is a very big issue in the United States today. Many people dont agree with the gun control laws that they have today. Gun control laws only take guns away from law-abiding citizens. Many people have their own reasons for owning a gun. Why would the government want to make it harder for people to own a gun? People that own guns are not very likely to be attacked by criminals. Owning a h andgun is one of the best ways of protection. The second amendment states the right to bearRead MoreInformative Essay: Guns and Teen Violence and Death610 Words   |  3 PagesUnited States of America has an opinion on gun control regardless of their age, race, or religion. From within those opinions arguments are formed. People are arguing about gun control at their jobs, at their schools, and sometimes at their places of worship. On one side of things there are the people that support gun control like certain politicians or political organizations, teachers, police officers, and so on. On the other side of things there are the people that are against gun control, people

Quality Management Front Office Department

Question: Discuss about theQuality Managementfor Front Office Department. Answer: Introduction: The rise of quality profession within the business has resulted in increased complexity in the business operation. At the same time, quality management also focuses in quality planning, quality assurance, quality control and quality improvement Major Responsibilities of Front Office Department: Major responsibilities of the Front Office Department include allocating the available resources like human resources, machines, materials and money as well. Negative Factors in Quality Management: In spite of the major positive impact of Quality Management, there are certain factors that hamper the working of an organization. Some of the factors that might create negative impact on the operational activities of Front Office Department shall be discussed here Continuous Improvement inProcess: Quality management proposes continuous improvement in the operational process. If the operational activities of the Front Office are considered, continuous changes in the operational process might create hindrance. The work procedure is pre determined and then they are applied on the overall work activities of the organization. It is for the same reason continuous changes or improvement hinders the work flow of Front Office Department. Quality management ensures a consistency in an organization in dealing with the services or the products (Ahmad and Scott 2014). Commitment Towards Understanding from the Employees: One of the major responsibilities of Front office department is to allocate the resources including the human resource. The operational activities of Front Office Department include operations like accounting, payroll, personnel enquiry and others. Committing towards the employee benefits might not result in increasing the effectiveness or the productivity of the particular organization. Moreover, carrying out job activities based on the perspectives of the employees might create challenging for the particular department. This is where the front office department has to face certain issues. Effective Control: Total Quality Management ensures effective control over the operational and business activities in order to maintain a consistency in the flow of work. In fact, this particular department is also responsible for receiving and sending information to the customers as well as the employees of the organization. Front office department should have the flexibility in allocating and utilizing the resources for better operational function (Meijboom et al. 2013). Thus, it can be said that total quality management might hamper the actual requirement of Front Office management. Being Reactive than Proactive: Total Quality Management also ascertains that the operational planning should be made before hand and not to keep waiting for the particular activity to take place (Dale 2015). One of the major responsibilities of the Front Office department is to allocate the resources according to the need of the organization. This particular activity has to be done before handed for better operational activity. Thus, this particular factor might hamper the overall working of the Front Office Department. Many organizations have been found to struggle due to the changes in the quality management. Document Control: Taking a note of the overall activities and controlling the documents also falls under the category of Total Quality Management (Mallia 2013). The operational activities of Front Office Department include operations like accounting, payroll, personnel enquiry and others. However, the responsibility of Front Office Department is to manage the resources mainly rather than managing the documents. Thus, keeping the documents ready actually proves challenging for the staffs responsible for the front office roles. As a result of which, the department has to suffer. Conclusion: A detailed analysis has been done on how quality management could hamper the regular operational activities of the Front Office Department. The above mentioned factors affect the working of Front Office Department to a large extent References: Ahmad, R. and Scott, N., 2014. Managing the front office department: Staffing issues in Malaysian hotels.Anatolia,25(1), pp.24-38. Dale, B., 2015.Total quality management. John Wiley Sons, Ltd. Mallia, A., 2013.Competency levels within the front office department in different 5 star hotels(Bachelor's thesis, University of Malta). Meijboom, B.R., Gemmel, P., van Steenis, T., Perrone, G. and Bruccoleri, M., 2014, June. How front-office/back-office configuration relates to performance in different public health service settings: A multiple case study. EurOMA Conference.

International Portfolio Diversification free essay sample

Nevertheless, portfolio investment does not necessarily have to be in foreign financial instruments, it can also be in local financial instruments or in a mix of both local and foreign equities. Evidently, investing in purely local or foreign portfolios has its advantages and disadvantages, but diversification of the portfolio to include both local and foreign equities is said to have more advantages than disadvantages. Accordingly, this paper will focus on illustrating some of the benefits of international portfolio diversification, in addition to illustrating how three different global funds have been able to use the concept of international portfolio diversification to successfully invest. The Benefits of International Diversification One of the main benefits of international investing is that it offers far more opportunities than investing the in the local market only. More specifically, international portfolio diversification offers the advantage of achieving a better risk-return trade-off than by investing solely in U. S. or local securities (Shapiro, 2005, p. 411). This means that expanding the universe of assets available for investment should lead to higher returns for the same level of risk or less risk for the same level of expected return (Shapiro, 2005, p. 411). In other words, â€Å"The broader the diversification, the more stable the returns and the more diffuse the risks† (Shapiro, 2005, p. 411). The second advantage of international diversification is the fact investment in different international markets can reduce investment risks significantly. This is due to the fact that the low correlation between the economies of different countries worldwide can offer the investor some safety in the event that domestic or regional economic factors affect all or most of the industries in the market. More specifically, an internationally diversified portfolio is less than half as risky as a fully diversified U. S. portfolio (Shapiro, 2005, p. 414). A third benefit of international diversification the increase in returns resulting from investing in foreign markets that may have higher yields than the local market. Therefore, it is said that international diversification pushes out the efficient frontier which means that the set of portfolios that has the smallest possible standard deviation for its level of expected return and has the maximum expected return for a given level of risk; thus, allowing investors simultaneously to reduce their risk and increase their expected return (Shapiro, 2005, p. 415). Global Funds Success There are a number of different global funds that have been using the concept of international portfolio diversification to successfully invest for many years.

Dell Computers Case Study Essay Example

Dell Computers Case Study Essay Example Dell Computers Case Study Essay Dell Computers Case Study Essay Businesses today operates under intense competition and are under pressure to provide a product/ service that is customized, of high quality, and delivered in time at lowest possible cost. The growth and development of electronic and communication technology has been a key environmental factor that has revolutionized business in recent times. Many successful business organizations have harnessed electronic and information technology, especially internet to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of their business processes to gain competitive advantage. E-business involves business communications and transmissions over networks and through computers, specifically the buying and selling of goods and services, and the transfer of funds through digital communications. (Hutt Speh, 2004) Dell Computers is a classic example of an organization that has used internet technology to successfully refocus its business from a traditional business model to an e-business model. It has used Internet to improve the efficiency of many of its business processes and enhanced customer focus, responsiveness and relationships in all its customer segments including individual consumers, small businesses and large corporations. Dell is now able to align with its customers through the internet, on order management, product configuration, design and customization. This has resulted in better service and more satisfied customers for Dell. The Dell website allows the company to provide low-cost access to both order entry and order tracking 24 hours a day, seven days a week. This has reduced personal selling efforts and driven down the transactions costs massively both for Dell and its customers. The advent of globalization has resulted in supply chain of any organization becoming a key cost driver. Dell has used Internet to electronically link customers, suppliers, intermediaries and alliance partners in spite of organizational, geographical and functional boundaries. It has helped the company to drastically reduce the lead times as vital data with respect to sales forecasts, production plans, delivery schedules, shipments through distribution network and inventory levels at various stock points is shared amongst the participants of the supply chain on a real time basis. The unauthorized use of such competition critical information is a major risk facing Dell. Effective communication has always been a major challenge to any business. Dell has used Internet to expand its communication capabilities with its customers. Internet leverages the advantages of both, advertising which is paid form of non personal mass communication and personal selling which is face to face communication. Dell provides real time, up-to-date, low cost and fairly customized information to its potential customers in different segments. This has reduced the company’s expenses on communication mix to a great extent. The major limitation of Internet as a communication tool is that it is impersonal, though information can be customized to a large extent. The purchase of computers is associated with a fairly complex buying behavior, especially for individual consumers. The over emphasis of Dell on Internet technology may drive many of the customers, who are more comfortable with face to face communication for their information needs, to its competitors. Dell has used Internet technology very effectively to penetrate far-flung global markets. It has exploited the technology to expand its customer base all over the globe by implementing order and procurement management systems as well as sales, marketing and customer support functionality. Its website has provided it the necessary coverage freeing it from investment in sales force or â€Å"bricks mortar† assets in every potential market. The company also uses the internet to provide a wealth of marketing information with respect to the segments, the customers and their charging needs. Such information can be used for better responsiveness. Dell’s e-business success has resulted in the risk of delineating with members of its distributor channel who perform vital marketing activities. The major risk Dell may face in future is that it may not receive co-operation from its channel members when a future unforeseen situation may call for their support. So also most of the company’s strategic data is also available to its competitors who can easily respond to its strategic moves. The confidence and the security involved in electronic payments still remains a challenge to Dell. References Hutt, Michael, D Speh, Thomas, W (2004), Business Marketing Management, Thomas Southwestern pp. 117 – 144

Topics In Gifted Intelligence essays

Topics In Gifted Intelligence essays I found Dr. Webbs discussion of left-brain and right-brain characteristics very interesting. Especially when taken into account with how gifted children are identified. Teachers, group test scores, and grades often identify gifted children. However, many gifted children arent identified in school because they dont seem to fit into the smart kid ideal. Left-brained children are more likely to be identified as gifted because they are planned and structured, solve problems logically and sequentially, and do well on multiple-choice tests. Right-brained students are fluid and spontaneous, solve problems creatively, and prefer open-ended questions. Teachers are more likely to nominate the children that pay attention in class and do well on tests and homework. Since left-brained children often seem to be daydreaming, dont do well on certain tests, and are often disorganized and forget about their homework, they are often overlooked. Another interesting topic in the lecture was async hronous development. Dr. Beljan explained it quite interestingly with his poker analogy. If a child was playing poker and he got a good hand, he will usually smile and give away that he has a good hand, even though his brain may be telling him to stay cool. Common skills that lag behind in development are fine motor skills meaning that the child has trouble with writing, numbers, and pencil grip, and gross motor skills which may cause the child to be clumsy, fall a lot, and do poorly in sports. Asynchronous development can also cause pressured speech, hyper sensitive reactions to stimuli, low frustration to tolerance, and an inability to execute what the minds eye sees. ...

Research proposal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 6

Research proposal - Essay Example rious industries, including the UK banking sector is also making vital use of IT networks in their processing of customer services (Ho & Mallick, 2006; Samakovitis, 2006). It is often argued that IT systems hold considerable significance in the building cooperative associations with customer groups that further facilitates better customer serving and hence, contributes to augmented customer loyalty. Both these spectrums, i.e. customer loyalty linked with better customer serving, have been many a time associated with the longevity and continuous expansion of any service sector today, and likely to be apparent in the banking sector as well. Keeping speculations aside, the UK service sector, which is the other dimension in focus of the title chosen for this study, has been reported as growing impressively over the past few years even if its particular drawbacks remain to be consistent (Mullineux, 2012). The three key dimensions of the UK financial sector, vis-Ã  -vis, and its banking sector involve payment services, insurance services against risk and intermediation services between lenders and borrowers. While all these three dimensions present different challenges for the banking institutions in the UK, the continuously changing demands and shifts in the market functions have somewhat forced these banks to build a close and strong relationship with its customers (Davies & et. al., 2010). The particular problems presented by the UK banking services sector have thus been attempted to be resolved with the usage of IT innovations (Aliyu & Tasmin, 2012). Nevertheless, this topic yet remains as negligibly studied among the modern scholars, indicating a gap in the literature obtainable to test such speculations. Hence, emphasizing this gap currently present in the scholar society, the proposed study will aim at deriving firm conclusions on the strength of influences imposed by IT innovations and developments on the UK banking industry. From a mere tool for communication,

Water pollution in China Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Water pollution in China - Essay Example In recent yearsï ¼Å'the world has been shocked at China’s rate of economic development. It was almost as if it happened overnight because all of a sudden China was a super-power in terms of its financial power. This has mostly been due to its several industries in the country which beside providing income for the people and revenue for the government, this has also come at a hefty price- pollution. The factories and production plants emit harmful gases and wastes which in turn pollute the environment. China’s environmental pollution problems have become a major concern around the world mostly because of its dense population, estimated at around 1 billion. Water pollution in particular is a very serious problem in China. To put this into perspective, China had an estimated 50, 000 rivers unfortunatley more than half of those rivers have since disappeared. A report from the Ministry of Environmental Protection indicates that, â€Å"Up to 40 percent of China’s riv ers were seriously polluted† and â€Å"20 percent were so polluted their water quality was rated too toxic even to come into contact with.† (Yongqiang, 2013). Water pollution not only threatens human health and development, but also jeopardizes China’s economic development plans (Economy, 2013). It is reported that water shortages cause an estimated loss of U.S. $11.2 billion (120 billion yen), while the its impact on human health has been approximated at U.S. $3.9 billion (41.73 billion yen per year). There has been a debate as to whether pollution should be dealt with austerely mainly because it will involve taking draconian measures against companies found liable. This will have a negative economic impact in the country. So the real debate is whether China wants to forego its economic development and in turn focus on eradicating pollution. This paper will look into the water pollution issue at length while seeking to answer whether economic development should be at the peril of the environment and humanity. The author is of the view that economic development should not be pursued at all costs. There are limits as to how far one can/should go in order to make profits. Currently in China there is no line to be crossed and companies are taking advantage of this. Pollution This refers to the contamination of air, water, or soil by substances which are harmful to living organisms. These substances may differ and they contaminate at varying degrees depending on their concentration. Ex amples of substances that may contaminate include; chemicals, waste (human and industrial) etc. These substances may also be referred to as pollutants. Water is very essential to not only human life, but also animal and plant life. In order for all these lives to be sustained, water is required but not just any water but clean and fit for consumption water. The quality of water which is declining at a very fast pace is mostly affected by human activities (Taylor, 2013). Some of the factors attributed to this include; population growth, the rise of urbanization, industrial production, among other factors. Industries are the largest source of water pollution and it is reported that several sources of water have a certain contamination level from industrial waste and chemicals (Spector, 2013). The management of waste water is a global challenge affecting various regions of the world. The existing sanitation- both industrial and municipal water treatment infrastructure is overloaded, th ey then seep directly into the environment thus contaminating the groundwater sources. Reports indicate that every day, approximately two million tons of sewage is discharged into the planet’s various water bodies- oceans, lakes and rivers. Currently, there are systems in place which have been set up to deal with such however they have thus far been unable to support the growing population and urbanization. Pursuing Economic Development at all costs Most companies have argued that focusing on pollution as

Free

Free will Determinism Essay Free will is the power to choose among real alternative possibilities. To have free will is to have what it takes to act freely. When an agent acts freely (when she exercises her free will) what she does is up to her. A plurality of alternatives is open to her, and she determines which she pursues. When she does, she is an ultimate source or origin of her action. So runs a familiar conception of free will. Incompatibility holds that we act freely in this sense only if determinism is false. Some say little more about what, besides indeterminism, free will requires. And, yes, the task of providing an incompatibility account is not an easy one. If the truth of determinism would prevent free will, it is far from obvious how indeterminism would help. To assess the point to which free will is compatible with Determinism, one must first consider other approaches to the concept of free will and whether we, in fact, possess it. A Hard Determinist, such as Honderich, would claim that individuals are not free to initiate actions or make moral decisions, by this means making the concept of moral responsibility unnecessary. Any moral decisions we make have uncontrollable prior causes. Therefore, a Hard Determinist would support the premise that free will and Determinism are not compatible with one another. Completely different to Hard Determinism is Libertarianism, with which free will is closely compatible. Proponents of this position, such as Kant, maintain that we are all free and should take full moral responsibility for our actions. Between these two extremes stands Compatibilism. Classical Compatibilists, such as Hume, state that most moral decisions are the result of both external determined forces and an internal act of volition or will. In fact, they go so far as to say that true freedom requires causation, without which there would be randomness. Undeniably then, the idea of free will is incompatible with Hard Determinism. A Compatibilist or Soft Determinist, however, would prove false the claim that the two concepts are incompatible. Arguably then, Libertarianism would seem to present the most convincing approach to the issue of free will, in that it acknowledges the role of the individual in moral decision making because of their free will, while accepting that the persons background will, influence the choices they make. Hard Determinism on the other hand, holdsthat we do not have free will and that all seemingly moral actions are the consequences of prior events that are out of our control. The incompatibility between this position and freedom results in the statement that it is unreasonable to hold people responsible for what they do, making praise and blame redundant. If no one is free to do otherwise than they in fact do, it does seem unfair to punish bad actions while rewarding good ones. Furthermore, Science has proved that the world is governed by cause and effect. For a Hard Determinist, human beings are the same as material things, in that they are controlled by the same laws of nature. Our wills, which we believe to be freely gained, are actually the result of a causal chain stretching back into childhood. The fact we are governed by our genes and our environment  means  that our ability to make moral decisions as free agents, is an illusion. Therefore, the Hard Determinist position seems to be incompatible with the concept of free will.

The Abominable Pig by Marvin Harris Essay -- Abominable Pig Marvin Har

The Abominable Pig by Marvin Harris Is it possible that the almighty God is wrong? The bible explicitly states, in no questionable terms that whatever is of the hoof and is cloven footed and chews the cud among animals, you may eat. Obviously, the pig has fallen short of the statement’s requirements, hence the reason why, Marvin Harris author of the article â€Å"The Abominable Pig,† has opted to explore the reasons why this is the case as his central argument. Harris does not seek to completely refute this theory; in fact, even though he pinpoints certain flaws in the biblical proclamation, he scrutinizes the reasons why God has chosen to isolate this particular animal, for it is no more a carrier of disease than any other. Harris contends that if the statement is reworded to state, â€Å"Flesh of swine thou shalt not eat until the pink has been cooked from,† and then that would have sufficed as opposed to eradicating its use completely. Firstly, Harris looks at the Old Testament’s characterization of the pig and then compares it to a trichinosis perspective (which is a di...

Careers in Clinical and Counseling

My grim determination to pursue a career in psychology has been a lifelong dream. Since I was in my teens, I have always been interested in how a human brain works. In fact, observing human behavior was my favorite pastime. I remember rather well how I would observe other people and compare their reactions to identical stimuli and then asked myself why? For instance, why did Mrs. A spank her 8-year-old son when she caught him lying, and Mrs. B did not? Since I saw that both Mrs. A and Mrs. B were very angry at their sons for lying, why the difference in their reactions?In such situations, the reasons behind the behavior of people, why they acted the way they did, always fascinated me. Although I was not yet fully aware at the time, I believe that my preoccupation with people’s behavior resulted from my personal circumstances. I lost my father to alcohol addiction when I was only 12 years old. Perhaps, subconsciously, I might have even placed part of the blame on my mother beca use I could not recall her saying or doing anything to help my father overcome his addiction.I always wondered why she tolerated my dad’s alcohol habit while our neighbors would often be heard arguing and shouting at one another every time the husband would arrive home drunk. This led me to ask myself what made mom different from the wife next door. (Now that I know that my mom was what is now called a classic enabler, I am sure that her being one certainly supported, if not actually encouraged my dad in pursuing his alcohol habit. ) Later, I would always resort to asking myself the same question whenever I would observe variant behaviors from people in our locality.For instance, when I heard that another man was discovered to be an alcoholic or a drug addict, I would wonder if his children felt the way I and my siblings felt before. Growing up in a family which was rendered dysfunctional by an alcoholic father and later with a single mother who was struggling with four child ren had been difficult. Things never came easy, but through sheer, hard work, I succeeded in making something of myself. I know that I worked hard for it, but I could not help thinking that I had been lucky as well.I could not help thinking of other children of families rendered dysfunctional by some forms of addiction. This thought started my self awareness. I began asking myself what really motivated me and why I do the things I do. Finally, I realized that what I really wanted was to help troubled children coming out of dysfunctional families. I was convinced that children who experienced what I went through but who were not as lucky as I have been need all the help they can get. So I took every opportunity that would lead me to this path. I first worked as a case manager for a community health center.Then I managed a youth home for troubled girls sentenced to the program through Youth Services. After that I worked with the prevention unit of another community health center. The financial demands of bringing up two sons, however, forced me to redirect my attention to my own family’s financial needs, so I started a retail business that would enable me to provide for my two sons adequately. However, after seven years, my lifelong passion resurfaced. I realized that I simply cannot turn my back on those people who need help and counseling.I decided to go back to pursuing my passion by attending a counseling program to better equip me in my desire to help troubled people. But first, in 2006, I completed a certification program in hypnosis and acquired a credential for certified hypnotist because I am certain that the skill would prove helpful later. My ultimate objective is to acquire a master’s degree in psychology and have a career in counseling psychology. I am aware that a career in counseling psychology could be very physically exhausting, emotionally draining, and involves long hours of work.However, these drawbacks are certainly offset by i ts most significant advantage: self-fulfillment. I know that helping people through counseling psychology will be the only career that would fulfill my lifelong dream. Besides, I get to be my own boss once I enter private practice. (Careers in Clinical and Counseling Psychology, n. d. ) Reference Careers in Clinical and Counseling Psychology. (n. d. ). Retrieved August 19, 2007, from http://www. wcupa. edu/_academics/sch_cas. psy/Career_Paths/Clinical/Career03. htm

Dell Case Study

Running head: DELL COMPUTER CORPORATION Improving the Dell Computer Corporation Heather Mueller Corporate Communications Section One Improving the Dell Computer Corporation The key issues presented in the â€Å"Dell Computer Corporation† case study is that Dell needs to align its’ identity with its’ image, and stop relying heavily on technology (Dell Case Study P. 58). Increased dependence on technology, along with a gap between image and identity, can cause complications for a company if they are not attended to. AnalysisCorporate communication must be â€Å"closely linked to a company’s overall vision and strategy,† (Argenti, 2007, p. 12) and if not, it can cause constituencies to view the company negatively. The Chief Operating Officer of Sony â€Å"criticized Dell’s lack of spending on research and development,† therefore, Sony’s image of Dell does not align with Dell’s identity. A company’s image is the  "corporation as seen through the eyes of its constituencies, [and] an organization can have different images with different constituencies† (Argenti, 2007, p. 58).This differs from an identity, because an identity â€Å"consists of a company’s defining attributes,† and should not very from one constituency to another (Argenti, 2007, p. 58). Many of Dell’s constituencies view Dell in a very positive light, and see Dell as an excellent example of how a company should function and communicate with its constituencies. Dell has a well-founded identity called â€Å"The Soul of Dell† which is its’ corporate philosophy that â€Å"defines the kind of company it is and aspires to become† and shows Dell’s commitment to direct accountability (Argenti, 2007, p. 9). However, â€Å"identity building and maintenance requires the ability to conduct research,† and if Dell does not clearly communicate that ability with it’s constitue ncies, Sony will continue to be discontented with Dell’s identity (Argenti, 2007, p. 50). The founder of Dell Computers, Michael Dell, created an â€Å"e-mail based culture† at the company as the primary work environment (Argenti, 2007, p. 62). E-mail can be effective because it allows subordinates to easily communicate with senior management and is an efficient mean of communication across time zones (Argenti, 2007, p. 2). This is important because subordinates can â€Å"get the company’s strategy directly from those at the top of the organization† (Argenti, 2007, p. 12). E-mail also helps to create a productive climate in which â€Å"managers and employees communicate effectively and support each other† (O'Hair et al. , 2008, p. 181). However, Dell’s â€Å"increasing dependence on technology-mediated communication creates an environment that may discourage relational development† (O'Hair et al. , 2008, p. 179).Nearly all communicati on takes place digitally because â€Å"face-to-face communication has given way to a strictly electronic communication network. † (O'Hair et al. , 2008, p. 189). Without face-to-face communication, personal relationships within the company may begin to fail, which decreases productivity, and increases isolation and emotional detachment from the company’s identity as well as other employees. If the upper management at Dell does not improve the ways it communicates internally and externally, the company will not continue to grow, thrive or flourish in the changing corporate environment.If Dell can modify and adapt its’ behavior in a positive way, its constituencies will become aware of Dell’s excellent communications, and this well-built structure will transcend through the company so employees will learn to communicate efficiently as well. Solutions The upper management at Dell needs to make personal and public communication more important within their str ategy for maintaining their core identity as â€Å"The Soul of Dell. Dell already has a strong relations with constituencies because employees and management â€Å"allow for unique working relationships that transcend the ‘us and them’,† so the constituencies feel valued (Argenti, 2007, p. 62). However, a company can always improve its communication with constituencies because communication is an ongoing â€Å"process by which information is exchanged between individuals through a common system of symbols, signs, or behavior† (Communication, 2009, par. ). In order to improve its communications, the upper management at Dell can work more closely with the marketing communications department and create a stronger corporate mission. With today’s quick changing environment, â€Å"a clear-cut corporate mission can not only keep employees aligned with what the company is striving to be, but also can act as a source of stability for consumers weary of the constant change surrounding them. (Argenti, 2007, p. 12). The marketing communications department â€Å"coordinates and manages publicity relations to products and deals with activities relating to customers,† and could compose ways to strengthen the corporate mission (Argenti, 2007, p. 53). If more focus was put on marketing communications and a stronger corporate mission was created, then employees can better understand the fundamental reasons for the company’s existence.The employees would be able to clearly demonstrate and publicize each way they illustrate the company’s identity and pursue the continuing purpose of achieving the corporate mission. When a company gets more involved in â€Å"quasi-political activities with constituencies [that] claim to represent a firm’s customers,† the company would then be able to control how its constituencies view them, and how the company evaluates its’ identity compared to the constituencies perce ived image.The American Decency Association (ADA) successfully maintained and illustrated its identity involving the need to prevent images of violence and adult content from being promoted by family orientated companies and businesses (ADA, 2008, par. 1). They successfully â€Å"lobbied for companies including Kellogg’s, Lowe’s, Tyson Foods, and S. C. Johnson to stop buying additional advertising space on U. S. television shows† with unnecessary violence and adult content such as ABC’s Desperate Housewives and FX Nip/Tuck (Argenti, 2007, p. 53).The marketing communication team of the ADA ensured that family orientated products and brand promotions were sending the right messages to children. The company stayed true to its corporate mission and never strayed from its foundation of values and beliefs, so that its constituencies would not be anxious of the constantly changing environment that surrounded the media. E-mail constantly causes information overlo ad for employees in a company if it is the main source of communication, and this informal communication process often isolates employees and does not allow them to interact. Spending over 5 hours a day staring at a computer screen increases the risk of depression, insomnia and other mental health problems† as well (O'Hair et al. , 2008, p. 189). This can be solved with increased face-to-face communications through meetings, team building activities, and company outings. If the upper management put more of a emphasis on internal communications, then â€Å"the employees would be more engaged, productive, loyal,† and happy, and the strength of company relationships will increase (Argenti, 2007, p. 54). ConclusionThe course of actions that Dell should pursue is working closer with the marketing communications department to create a stronger corporate mission, and to increase face-to-face communications within the company. With increased and improved personal and public com munication, Dell will be able to align its image with its identity, and will be able to strengthen relationships to prove themselves as a successful company with a consistent strategy, in the endlessly changing work environment. References ADA. (2008, September 28). ABC/Disney's desperate housewives.In American decency association. Retrieved February 9, 2009, from http://www. americandecency. org/main. php? f=updates_new/2008/September/09. 28a. 08 Argenti, P. A. (2007). Corporate communication (4th ed. ). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. Communication. (2009). In Merriam-Webster. Retrieved February 10, 2009, from http://www. merriam-webster. com/dictionary/communication O'Hair, D. , Friedrich, G. W. , & Dixon, L. D. (2008). Work relationships. In Strategic communication in businesses and the professions (6th ed. , pp. 178-205). Boston: Pearson education.

Cynddylan and Lore Essay Example

Cynddylan and Lore Essay Example Cynddylan and Lore Paper Cynddylan and Lore Paper Essay Topic: Poetry In Cynddylan, Thomas contrasts a farmers personality to farming after he has started using a tractor on everyday work on his land with before when all his farming was done by hand and tool. Cynddylans attitude towards nature has now been changed by this machine that helps him but masks the beauty of his surroundings. Lore, on the other hand, is about a dedicated and traditional well experienced eighty-five year old farmer who sticks to the natural way of farming by paying to attention to all driven machines and prefers to stick with conventional methods to tend his soil throughout life. In my essay I will compare this modernised farmer in Cynddylan from this traditional and more respected farmer in Lore. I will show similarities and differences in accordance to the way both farmers look at the possible approaches to farming. As R. S Thomas is the creator behind the two poems and characters, that have different opinions, I will try to understand What Thomas was trying to make stand out by comparing the two poems with each other. Cynddylan starts off on a very informal, conversational tone, ah you should see Cynddylan on a tractor. Gone the old look that yoked him to the soil This line gives us the impression the farmer has lost part of his traditional methods of farming because of this machine, and that he has become somewhat divorced from nature. His nerves of metal and his blood oil This line demonstrates to us how he become a whole new person because of the new devise, Cynddylan has now been turned into something hes not. The clutch curses but the gears obey Thomas here has created a harsh C sound by using the two words together to add emphasis on Cynddylans new selfish attitude. Out of the farmyard, scattering hens. Riding to work as a great man should. Here Thomas creates a sarcastic tone to the reader saying how scattering hens and scaring them away is part of how a great farmer should operate. He is a knight at arms breaking the fields mirror of silence, emptying the wood of foxes and squirrels and bright jays. Thomas now has shown how the tractor breaks the silence and disrupts the tranquillity of the nature, viciously destroying the farmlands wildlife and his relationship with it. The sun comes over the tall trees kindling all the hedges, but not for him who runs his engine on a different fuel Cynddylan now has become completely separated from his companion called nature, he has chosen the machine over his environment, and he himself once ran on the same fuel as these trees, by working in the sun and growing with his land in peace and serenity. And all the bills are singing, bills wide in vain; As Cynddylan passes proudly up the lane. The birds are now in devastation and disgust at watching this transformed man ride up and down the field in his tractor and are now competing to hear themselves over this new aggressive roar of the engine that fills the air they once owned. Cynddylan has no structured rhyme scheme; the voice of the poem is Thomas as a narrator to some extent and the general tone of the poem is quite negative from start to finish it consists of a farmer who was once a wise man but is now caught up with modernisation and has turned completely unconventional by the end of the poem. In Lore, the very title of the poem suggests optimism as Lore means wisdom to past down through generation. Job Davies, eighty five, winters old and still alive after the slow poison and treachery of the seasons this gives Job the first impression as a tough man who has fought his life through rough and harsh conditions to maintain his years as a farmer without paying any attention to the need for machine in farming. This builds a certain amount of respect to him from the reader. Miserable? Kick my arse! There is certainly a certain amount of defiance in Job at regarding himself as unfit or overage for the job in this line, with his experience, hes willing to overcome anything. It needs more than a rain hearse, wind-drawn, to pull me off the great perch of my laugh here Thomas inherits a certain amount of light hearted cockiness in the character of Job. He will simply laugh at how natures weather conditions fights with him on a daily basis but yet nothing has got the better of him. Whats living but courage? Thomas now is the one speaking once again in this stanza and makes Job Courageous for his dedication to his work. Paunch full of hot tea, peat-black, dawn found me Job doesnt need any luxuries in life; hell simply take the basics at the dawn of morning and return to the field where he continues the same work as everyday without complaint. Thomas has changed the voice back to Job himself in this stanza. Mowing where the grass grew, Bearded with golden dew. Thomas now exemplifies the beauty to nature which makes us realise the reason behind Davies choice towards farming. Rhythm of the long scythe kept this tall frame lithe Thomas describes how Job conducts the very commonly used scythe in farming effortlessly to the extent that it is supple and free moving. What to do? Stay green. Never mind the machine. Job expresses his thought behind farming in an overall message. This challenges the opposition poem Cynddylan on how to portray farming. . whose fuel is human souls. Job uses his wisdom in a very dramatising way by saying how the machinery revolution to farming has completely destroyed mans relationship with nature. Live large, man, and dream small Thomas here has used Paradox whereby he contradicts himself after Job has expressed his philosophy. Lore has a typical rhyme scheme of AABC for stanzas 1, 2, 4 and 5, on stanza 3 the rhyme scheme is AABB. The voice of the poem swaps every stanza between Thomas and Job, the poems character. The tone of the poem is a much happier and laughable poem compared to Cynddylan. It is more positive and has a better respected character in it compared to Cynddylan. Thomas created the two characters himself, exploring the approaches to farming, he has made it quite obvious that Job Davies has come out the better man for the route he choose to go by farming.

Weird and Interesting Facts About Christmas

Weird and Interesting Facts About Christmas Christmas, besides being a joyful tradition of gift-giving and ham-devouring, has always been pretty weird, right? Like, just in general. How did everyone start celebrating it? Why? Here for your enjoyment we present a few interesting facts about Christmas that you can tell your family around the dinner table and give them a chance to think â€Å"Wow! Cant believe how smart my niece is!† and â€Å"God, do you always have to be the center of attention?† Christmas Wasnt Originally Jesus Birthday â€Å"Christmas† comes from â€Å"Christs mass†, the celebration of Jesus Christs birthday and christening. But did you know that Jesus want born on the 25th of December†? In fact, no one knows when he was born, but we can safely bet that it wasnt December. The clue is in Luke 2:8: the shepherds were â€Å"abiding in the field, keeping watch over their flocks by night† when he was born, which couldnt have been in December, since its so cold. Christmas Is an Adapted Holiday So how did Christmas come about? Well, youd be surprised to hear that many Christmas traditions you know have roots in pre-Christian seasonal celebrations. In fact, many traditions, for instance, the gift giving, carolers going from house to house, feasts, and many other traditions come from the Mesopotamian celebrations of the New Year. They held festivities for twelve days to honor one of their gods, Marduk. These festivities were called Zagmuk. By the way, have you already found Christmas gifts for friends and family? There are some Christmas gifts ideas you may like. The Romans Had Something Like Christmas, Too Like Zagmuk, the ancient Romans would hold seasonal festivities of their own. Their holiday was in the beginning of winter, just like ours, and held until approximately the beginning of January. They were celebrating â€Å"The Birth of the Unconquerable Sun†, since its at this time that the duration of the day began to lengthen. Like all pagans, they believed that the Sun was being reborn at this time. As the Christian church gained power and influence, they decided to ban this celebration, but many continued the tradition. The Christian church then decided to co-opt the holiday, and turn it into the celebration of Christ. Some Christians Celebrate Christmas in January In the US, the holidays are over with the New Years celebrations, but there are millions of Christians who celebrate their Xmas on January 7th. The reason here is a calendar mixup: a large part of the western world use the Julian calendar (named after Julius Caesar, who didnt invent it, but loved naming things after himself). The gregorian calendar, which Orthodox Christians use, is shifted, and their â€Å"December 25th† falls squarely on January 7th. Santa Came from Saint Nicholas Youve heard Santa Claus be called Saint Nick, but did you know that he was a real person? And an actual saint? The story of how he became Santa is pretty interesting: in the new world, after the revolution, Americans wanted to depart from British traditions and looked toward their Dutch roots for that. The Knickerbockers (writers, not baseball players) had a huge role in creating Santa – they released a poem titled A Visit from St. Nicholas, which popularized the character, and was later adapted into The Night Before Christmas. Santas name comes from the nickname fro St. Nicholas, Sinter Klaas (Dutch, of course). And lots of other cultures have their own Santa, as well. Werent those Christmas facts both weird and interesting? And theres lots more to find out! Like that Xmas comes from the Greek â€Å"Xristos†. And that Christmas wasnt an official holiday in America until 1870! Finding out about the genealogical anthropology of this holiday is lots of fun, and you can research it on your own to find out more. If you know other interesting facts about Christmas, feel free to add them in the comments! If you get tired from traditional ways to spend Christmas, to check out the unusual things to do for Christmas!

John Wesley on Methods of Ministry and Discipleship Research Paper

John Wesley on Methods of Ministry and Discipleship - Research Paper Example He wrote a lot about discipleship and ministry. This paper particularly explores the theological or biblical foundations that led to John Wesley to his views and techniques of discipleship and ministry. The doctrinal analysis he had analysis and techniques and most importantly the experiences that contributed to his method and views concerning discipleship and ministry basing on his work â€Å"The Essential Works of John Wesley†. Social background of Wesley that comprised of religious parents this essentially boosted his understanding of the biblical scripture and fundamentals of Christian life and discipleship. John Wesley laid emphasis was on being a disciple to be considered a follower of Jesus with scripture backing. Through his style of controversial divinity, he was induced that discipleship was the true identity of a Christ believer. He came up with 3-Strand of Discipleship stages to assert the importance for involvement and real participation among Christians this can be directly linked to his theological believes. Furthermore, John Wesley was of the view that Christ left a crucial mission that is a concern on making more disciples rather than converting individuals to Christianity. The basis of Wesley theological foundation can be attributed to the fact that he believed that the central core of the Christian faith was shown in biblical Scripture. Adding that scripture was the main foundational source of doctrinal development and theological. The centrality of Scripture was so essential for Wesley that he labeled himself "a man of one book†. Throughout his life experiences, he never separated himself with a call for true discipleship and the biblical doctrines and this is best highlighted by his message in â€Å"The Essential Works of John Wesley†. Closely related to this was the fact that Wesley asserted to the view that a part of the theological method should comprise

The Transferability of HR Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

The Transferability of HR Management - Essay Example The management of facilities and HR practices while being the core components to whether corporations are successful, they themselves are reliant on cultural factors. This creates a very complex arena in which global corporations do business, and unsaid laws to which they must adhere. It is a common belief among corporate researchers that cultural, institutional and societal conditions act as barriers or mediate corporate transfer. Along with this belief is the understanding that cultural and institutional conditions can only be understood within the context of their particular regions. In module 4, the author assesses the transferability of educational institutions and policies, as well as the reality of transferring policies to global corporations. This was found to be a very risky venture as some policy of practice were not easily transferable across cultural barriers. In the first section the author discusses one area of work on transfer that has originated within an educational arena. Turbin looks at the research of educationalists who have studied the transfer of educational practices, and sometimes systems, between the developed and less developed countries. (module 4) The focus on education and the transferability of HR management within the educational corporate structure is widely overlooked globally, but in the U.K. UCL is a leader in this position. It is one of the more profitable institutes in the U.K., as well as being one of the most prestigious. Its activity based management relies on the continuous improvement of the curriculum to enhance value of the degree it offers in the eye of the consumer, as well as in the eyes of the potential employers of that consumer. The newly ventured research, more often than not, is funded by grants, and is expected to be of substantial benefit to the community. It also makes the institute more creditable. Any new facility being built (i.e. a cafeteria, Library, stadium), any funding towards and extra curricular program (i.e. athletics, academic clubs, sociological studies,), or anything else that might draw positive attention to the University all classify as add-vale activities. Even once the Universitie s benchmarks have been complete, UCL is recognizable for its continuous growth, largely due to the merger. As of the financial portfolio for 2005, UCL was able to increase its value of endowment asset investments by 3 million. This was an increase to 78 million from the 75 million from the previous year. It borrowed 25 million from the Royal Bank of Scotland. The gross income of the University increased last year by 6.8%, earning them 489.8 million. There Academic fee income increased by 9.8 %, earning the school another 76.5 million. On top of this the University was awarded a 1.3% increase in Research Grants and Contract income which was an estimated 161.9 million. The University consists of 28,000 staff and students. This includes more than 3,800 academic research staff spread over 72 departments. They have the highest number of professors of any University in the country consisting of 600. They also have the highest number of female professors (UCL, 2005.) This focus on educatio nal practices put global transferability of HR and Facility management in a simpler perspective. It also makes a very

The Methods of Statutory Interpretation Available to the Judiciary Essay

The Methods of Statutory Interpretation Available to the Judiciary - Essay Example The primary rules are the mischief rule, the literary and the golden rule. The judiciary also uses what is referred to as the purposive approach and typically enter the statutory interpretation process based on a set of presumptions.4 This research study analyses how the judiciary uses these rules, presumptions and the purposive approach for maintain consistency in the application of statutes. Presumptions The judiciary applies presumptions to guide them in the construction of statutes. There are essentially six main presumptions used by the judiciary. The first well known presumption is the presumption that penal laws are interpreted â€Å"strictly in favour of the citizen†.5 In R v Cuthbertson the House of Lords construed the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 in favour of the defendant. Under the 1971 Act, forfeiture was permitted in respect of any items the court felt were related to the offence. However, the House of Lords rules that since the provision did not state conspiracy to commit the offence, but rather specified the actual offence, forfeiture would not be permitted for a conspiracy offence under the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971.6 Other important presumptions include the presumption that statutes are not meant to alter the common law; statutory criminal offences are typically require the mental element of mens rea; Parliament does not intend to usurp the court’s jurisdiction; and statutes do not have â€Å"retrospective effect†.7 There are also a number of linguistic or language-based presumptions used by the judiciary in the interpretation of statutes. For example, the maxim noscitur a sociis dictates that words â€Å"take meaning from the context†.8 The maxim noscitur a sociis was applied in Muir v Keay in relation to the construction of the Refreshment Houses Act 1860. Under the 1860 Act houses to which the 1860 Act referred were house that provided refreshments, resort and entertainment to the public. It was held that entertainmen t in the context of the 1860 Act could not refer to theatre or music but rather applied to refreshment, reception and accommodations.9 Another instructive maxim related to the language of a statute used by the courts as a guide for the interpretation of statutes is expression unius exclusion alterius which means that: The express mention of one member of a class by implication excludes other members of the same class.10 For instance should a statute use the word â€Å"land† it can be assumed that land includes mines. However, if the word is grouped together with other words such as â€Å"lands, houses and coalmines† it can be assumed that the word land does not refer to any other mines aside from coalmines.11 The maxim ejusedem generis is also used by the judiciary as an aid in the interpretation and application of statutes by reference to the language used. The maxim ejusdem generis presumes that where a statute provides a list of specific words, any general term appe aring at the end of the list will be interpreted by reference to the list of particularized words.12 Maxims are methods of linguistic interpretation that help the

Exam Topics Home Ownership, Neighborhood Essay Example for Free

Exam Topics Home Ownership, Neighborhood Essay Home ownership Home ownership is one of the definitions of success in America. Generally people are judged by the houses they live in. It is not only the size and architecture of the house but also the type of neighborhood and the distance from different amenities. The progress in buying a house of ones own was steady from the 1930s right up to 2000. By 2000 69,8 million Americans lived in their own homes. But then the steady growth stopped and started falling back. By the end of the eighties the home-ownership rate had declined to 63,4 percent. Why did this happen? The basic reason for the turnaround is simply that home ownership, which was never cheap, has gotten more and more expensive. The reasons are follows. Ownership costs are increasing more than income. Cash down payments are out of any proportion as compared to what they were twenty years ago. Monthly principal (mortgage) and interes payments for a medium house are soared. Prices for homes are so inflated, particularly in good and safe neighborhoods, that tthey are beyond most peoples budget. Life-style changes are also influencing the home-ownership rate. There are more singles and childless couples who are unwilling to commit themselves to a mortgage. Steady home prices and a strong market formerly contributed to mobility, but owners can now find themselves immobilized by deflated but still expensive housing that can take a year or more to sell. Home ownership is becoming a thing of the past. Some experts predict that builders will eventually move toward smaller, more moderately priced housing demanded by many people. Owning is still far less risky than renting, since costs can be fixed with a long-term mortgage. Besides, the underlying desire to be your own boss is deeply ingrained in the American consciousness. Neighborhood Neighborhoods are an important element of the setting for a house. They may be steady or not, friendly or not, clean or not, safe or not. The list of qualifying adjectives can be endless. And still you must live with it if you have a house in this neighborhood. The ethnic origin and economic status of the people who live in the neighborhood often define it. Few neighborhoods today are static. They are constantly changing: people of different ethnic groups and economic status are beginning to live together in the same  neighborhoods. Many young professionals (doctors, lawyers, academics, etc.) move into traditionally poor neighborhoods because they can find larger and less expensive housing there. These young professionals often have money and power and they cause changes in the character of the neighborhood. This process is called gentrification. It then becomes too expensive for the poor residents and they move on. This is a way a poor, unfashionable inner city neighborhood may change into a very expensive area in the course of several years. The atmosphere of neighborhoods is also changing. Formerly one could always borrow a couple of eggs or a ladder from the friend next door. But their family has moved, and the people in there now are strangers. Some of the old sentimentality of neighborhoodliness has receded. There is no reason to have friendly ties with the people who live next door to you just because they happened to wander into a real estate office that listed the place next door to yours. The only thing neighbors have in common to begin with is proximity, and unless something more develops, that isnt reason enough to be best friends. It sometimes happens naturally, but the chances are very small that you neighbors will be your choice as friends. The best relationship with neighbors is one of friendly distance. You say hello, you make small-talk if you see them in the yard, you help each other in emergency. It is easier to produce nostalgia about a neighborhood than about a community, but a community is probably a better unit. A neighborhood is just a bunch of individuals who live in proximity, but a community is a group of people who rise above their individual limitations to get some things done for the public. The American Civil War The American Civil War, also known as the War between the States or simply the Civil War, was a civil war fought from 1861 to 1865 between the United States (the Union or the North) and several Southern slave states that had declared their secession and formed the Confederate States of America (the Confederacy or the South). The war had its origin in the fractious issue of slavery, and, after four years of bloody combat (mostly in the South), the Confederacy was defeated, slavery was abolished, and the difficult Reconstruction process of restoring unity and guaranteeing rights to the freed slaves began. In the presidential election of 1860, Republicans  led by Abraham Lincoln opposed expanding slavery into the territories. Lincoln won but before his inauguration on March 4, 1861, seven cotton-based slave states formed the Confederacy. Outgoing Democrat James Buchanan and the incoming Republicans rejected the legality of secession. Lincoln’s inaugural address insisted his adm inistration would not initiate civil war, leading eight remaining slave states to reject immediate calls for secession. A Peace Conference failed to find a compromise. Both sides prepared for war. The Confederates assumed that Europe was so dependent on King Cotton for its industry that they would intervene; none did and none recognized the new Confederate States of America. Hostilities began on April 12, 1861, when Confederate forces fired upon Fort Sumter, a key fort held by Union troops in South Carolina. Lincoln called for the creation of an army to retake it; meanwhile, four border slave states joined the Confederacy, bringing their total to eleven. The Union soon controlled the Border States and established a naval blockade that crippled the southern economy. The Eastern Theater was inconclusive in 1861–62. The fall 1862 Confederate campaign into Maryland ended at the Battle of Antietam, dissuading British intervention. Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which made ending slavery a war goal. To the west, by summer 1862 the Union destroyed the Confederate river navy, then much of their western armies, and the Union at Vicksburg split the Confederacy in two at the Mississippi River. In 1863, Robert E. Lee’s Confederate incursion north ended at the Battle of Gettysburg. Western successes led to Ulysses S. Grant command of all Union armies in 1864. In the Western Theater William T. Sherman drove east to capture Atlanta and marched to the sea, destroying Confederate infrastructure along the way. The Union marshaled the resources and manpower to attack the Confederacy from all directions, and could afford to fight battles of attrition through the Overland Campaign towards Richmond. The defending Confederate army failed leading to Lees surrender to Grant at Appomattox Court House on April 9, 1865. The American Civil War was one of the earliest true industrial wars. Railroads, the telegraph, steamships, and mass-produced weapons were employed extensively. The mobilization of civilian factories, mines, shipyards, banks, transportation and food supplies all foreshadowed World War I. It remains the deadliest war in American history, resulting in the deaths of an estimated 750,000 soldiers  and an undetermined number of civilian casualties. Historian John Huddleston estimates the death toll at ten percent of all Northern males 20–45 years old, and 30 percent of all Southern white males aged 18–40. Reconstruction. Ku-Klux-Klan Reconstruction of the Union held many promises. Black men and women in the South could move to their new home in Florida. Black refugees quickly poured into these lands. By 1865 40 thousand freedmen were living in their new home. But the opposition to the Reconstruction in the South steadily grew. In 1869 the Ku-Klux-Klan added organized violence to the whites resistance. Despite federal efforts to protect them, black people were intimidated at the polls, robbed of their earnings, beaten or murdered. By the early 1870s the failure of the Reconstruction was apparent. The Military Reconstruction Act of 1867 called for new governments in the South; it barred from political office those Confederate leaders who were listed in the Fourteenth Amendment. But the law required no redistribution of land and guaranteed no basic changes in southern social standards. Terrorism against blacks was widening. Nighttime visits, whippings, beatings, and murder became common. In time, however, the Klans purpose became not only economic (to keep the slaves) but also openly political and social. Klansmen also attacked white Republicans and school teachers who were aiding the freemen. Then in 1871 the actions of KKK moved Congress to pass two acts directed against the KKKs violence. These acts permitted the use of martial law, but they were unsuccessful in combatting the Klans activities. The Klans terror frightened many voters and weakened local party organization, but it did not stop Reconstruction. Throughout the South conventions met and drafted new constitutions. New governments were set up, and Republicans won majorities nearly everywhere. After 1877 thousands of blacks gathered up their possessions and migrated to Kansas. They were disappointed people who were searching for their share in the American Dream.

Is the Shroud of Turin Authentic? Essay -- Religion, Jesus, Resurrecti

The Shroud of Turin is probably one of the most unusual, profound, studied artifacts in the world. The Shroud is a linen cloth that contains the image of what appears to be a crucified man. Many people have speculated that it is the burial cloth of Jesus, while others speculate that it is an artistic painting. Over the years many test and studies have been conducted to prove once and for all if the Shroud of Turin is authentic or fake. Let’s look at different perspectives and outcomes of the testing and you decide for yourself what you think to be true. One study believes that the Shroud could be evidence of the resurrection of Jesus. It is believed that the linen cloth contains areas that coincide with the wounds Jesus is said to have incurred according to the Bible during his crucifixion. The patterns have a distinctive resemblance to where each cut, bruise, and punishment inflicted upon Jesus would have left on his body. (Thomsen, Science News) Some scientists are even saying that the image on the cloth is from a scorch or possible burn of some kind. However, they seem to think it is from a form of projection, because no contact was actually made to the cloth. (Thomsen, Science News) How can that even be possible? Scientist can’t explain that reasoning, so if it can’t be explained does that mean it didn’t happen? To those who feel everything needs proof or reasoning, yes, but to those who trust in faith and certain religious belief, anything is possible. The earliest documentation we have tells us that the mystery began in 1389. A Bishop by the name of Pierre d’ Areis wrote a letter to the pope of that era accusing a knight by the name of Geoffray II of placing a cloth in the church claiming it to be the original cloth us... ...hentic or not. I don’t believe that it’s a painting of any kind, but I’m still not convinced that it was the burial cloth of Christ. I do believe there was a resurrection and that Jesus suffered at the hands of those who set out to crucify him. I believe he was tortured, beaten, scourged, nailed, and speared through the side. However, even with my belief I’m not truly convinced that there’s enough factual evidence to say that the Shroud was that used to wrap Jesus. I’m no scientist by any means of the word. There is a lot of evidence that proves it could be authentic, but there’s not enough to prove without a shadow of doubt in my own eyes that is the case. To be completely honest we may never know if the Shroud of Turin is authentic, but we’ve made it this far without knowing. Does it really make a difference one way or the other to know? To me the answer is no.

Has Globalisation Destroyed the Power of the Modern State? Essay

There is not doubt that globalisation is one of the buzzwords of the twenty first century, radically transforming international relations around the world, and directly or indirectly altering the way we view global politics, but how much has it affected nation states and their power? Globalisation is a complex and abstract term which has been given many definitions and meanings. For the purpose of this essay, I shall use a single definition which is closest to what I think globalisation is, and when referred to in the essay, this is what is meant. Heywood (2011) states that â€Å"Globalization is the emergence of a complex web of interconnectedness that means that our lives are increasingly shaped by events that occur, and decisions that are made, at a great distance from us.† The causes of this interconnectedness can be broken down into three engines of globalisation; Cultural, Political and Economic. Cultural globalisation is facilitated by technological advances in communic ations and especially the internet. This enables a large amount of the developed worlds population instant access to vast amounts of information unaffected by physical borders (except when censorship is in place), which in turn is making the world more culturally homogeneous. The rise of multinational actors like transnational corporations (TNC’s (for example Sony, Nestlà © and Nike)), non governmental organisations (NGO’s (for example Greenpeace, Oxfam and Amnesty International)) and other international organisations (eg; UN, EU and NATO) means that there are more authoritative actors on the world stage, as opposed to historically, states being the only predominant actor. Globalisation means that the economic market is now truly global, as money can be shifted worldwide in an instant. This has facilitated businesses to operate in different countries to their home country to take advantage of cheaper labour costs, local resources and other factors, which mean goods are now manufactured on a global scale. All these factors mean that geographical distance and territorial borders are becoming â€Å"less significant† (Heywood 2011). Since the creation of the modern idea of statehood after the Peace of Westphalia (1648), the nation state has been vastly the most predominant actor on the world stage. Sovereignty allowed states to have sole power over what happened within their own borders, and disputes between states usually brought about war. The classic definition of a state as outlined in the Montevideo Convention has four features: 1) A defined territory. 2) A permanent population. 3) An effective government. 4) The capacity to enter into relations with other states.

Pfizer Company: A Presentation of Strategic Context

Pfizer is the number two largest biomedical and pharmaceutical research and development company in the world, boasting in excess of fifty Billion dollars per year in gross revenues. While the recession has hit many companies, the biotechnology and pharmaceuticals sector has remained not only relatively insulated, but in addition to that the forecasting models for growth predict a profitable future. Pfizer has had its share of growing pains, a cause for reduction in gross revenues comes primarily from a growth strategy to acquire another large biopharmaceutical company, yet net retained earnings have continued to increase at a rate of six percent annual average each year over the last three years. After Pfizer’s acquisitions of Wyeth they saw a substantial increase in operating profit margins due to increased efficiencies between the two companies. Pfizer has recently acquired a biopharmaceutical company named Wyeth. By purchasing Wyeth which specializes in vaccines, Pfizer has broadened their customer base by expanding their product line. This business practice aligns with Pfizer’s current pro-growth Strategy. It is clear, in most part; Pfizer’s business Strategy aligns with the wild wild west model of Industry Ecosystems. Pfizer if a relatively fast growing company, in an industry that thrives on making fast and furious technological discoveries, and they have a very high rate of customer retention due to patent protection. Pfizer has many competing technologies in the market place for such diseases as cardiac health, mental health, and infectious disease treatments. Their drug Lipitor is by far the highest grossing drug the company currently has on the market. Cardiac disease is the most common and fatal disease that Americans face. Lipitor functions by lowering low density lipids (or fats) in the blood stream thus promoting cardiac and circulatory efficiency and health. Pfizer’s patent on Lipitor is set to expire in November of this year which would potentially result in reducing their total revenues for that drug significantly because other companies could then introduce a generic substitute. The net effect of Lipitor’s patent expiration on Pfizer’s bottom line could be a reduction as large as ten percent of total gross revenues. Pfizer would be expected to retain approximately twenty percent of users which equals four percent of Pfizer’s total Gross Revenues. Some customers ill continue to use Lipitor, for example: those patients whose insurance does cover name brand medicines or patience of physicians that reject writing prescriptions for generic substitutes. This problem is a perfect example of one of Porters Key strategy principals that Pfizer follows, analyzing and protecting a threat of substitute products. How Pfizer addresses the problem is how they exercise his strategy. The current estimated retail cost of Lipitor is around one hundred and seventy dollars per month depending on the prescribed dosage. After November of this year it is very possible that we could see a generic substitute on the Wal-Mart four dollar list. Part of Pfizer’s Business strategy has been to launch legal battles for patent protections and extensions longer than the November 2011 date, which would result in a prolonged period of increased earnings and profits. To continue with an analysis of strategy, Pfizer uses both a combination of the resource based view in conjunction with the industry investment prospective. An example of this would be Pfizer’s acquisition of Wyeth which catered to a much broader and diverse section of the drug market. The resource prospective would say that Pfizer already has massive research and development capabilities, drug production and manufacturing systems, and well established distribution channels for its already long list of products, making Wyeth a fit for the company’s growth and expansion strategies. What is different from the resource based view and supports the industry investment strategy is that Wyeth is a leading researcher, developer, and provider of vaccines, which is a very lucrative industry in and of its self. The numbers of users for vaccines are much larger than for a specialized product such as Lipitor, yet vaccines still have patent protections that help drug companies keep prices high. These two companies merged together have much greater and sustainable competitive advantages than either one by itself. One of the resources that will help to fend off threats to their product lines is their pooling of resources for their in house legal team. As new products emerge from the research and development scientists, their joint capacity to protect their drug assets and keep products in the hands of the end users will inevitably eep other drug companies from capitalizing on the opportunities to produce generics. Some of the more rare and inimitable products are the ability to produce huge financial gains for Pfizer if they pass through all the stages of FDA screening protocol. Some areas Pfizer is currently investing research and development dollars are, DNA specific drugs, new small molecule compounds, Stem Cell therapies, Amino Acid therapies. DNA specific drugs have huge potential for Pfizer because many side effects can be prevented, allergies can be detected, and a shorter time line for approval to the FDA can result from better drugs. New small molecule compounds are useful because they tend to have fewer side effects which equal fewer liabilities and risk for the producer, and can be easier to develop and manufacture. Stem cell research also opens up a great deal of opportunity for drugs that work well on the cellular and molecular level, but can even be toxic or fatal in the human body. The method of drug delivery is many times the largest hurdle in getting an effective drug to the reaction site to produce the desired effect. Finally, and quite possibly most interestingly there are over three hundred and twenty know amino acids. Our human bodies produce or utilize only twenty four of them. Many of the reaction mechanisms on the molecular level can be imitated or recreated by unnatural amino acids meaning that we may see a huge increase in effective drugs with decreased side effects by utilizing these products. In conclusion Pfizer has acquired a great addition to its company with Wyeth as part of its pro-growth business strategy. It is clear that they have used a combination of both resourced based and industry based strategy. By tapping into a broad mass market via a new product by a new company Pfizer will have a clear competitive advantage over companies like Merk and Novartis. Pfizer is definitely leveraging their human resource assets to prevent substitute products from entering the markets. I believe that by exercising these strategies Pfizer can prevent slipping into the creative destruction life stage of a company.

Free Essays on Atomic Bomb

Analysis of the Atomic Bomb Ever since the dawn of time man has found new ways of killing each other. The most destructive way of killing people known to man would have to be the atomic bomb. The reason why the atomic bomb is so destructive is that when it is detonated, it has more than one effect. The effects of the atomic bomb are so great that Nikita Khrushchev said that the survivors would envy the dead (International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War, 1982). These devastating physical effects come from the atomic bomb’s blast, the atomic bomb’s thermal radiation, and the atomic bomb’s nuclear radiation. An atomic bomb is any weapon that gets its destructive power from an atom. This power comes when the matter inside of the atoms is transformed into energy. The process by which this is done is known as fission. The only two atoms suitable for fissioning are the uranium isotope U-235 and the plutonium isotope Pu-239 (OutlawLabs). Fission occurs when a neutr on, a subatomi! c particle with no electrical charge, strikes the nucleus of one of these isotopes and causes it to split apart. When the nucleus is split, a large amount of energy is produced, and more free neutrons are also released. These neutrons then in turn strike other atoms, which causes more energy to be released. If this process is repeated, a self-sustaining chain reaction will occur, and it is this chain reaction that causes the atomic bomb to have its destructive power (World Book, 1990). This chain reaction can be attained in two different ways. The first type of atomic bomb ever used was a gun-type. In this type two subcritical pieces of U-235 are placed in a device similar to the barrel of an artillery shell. One piece is placed at one end of the barrel and will remain there at rest. The other subcritical mass is placed at the other end of the barrel. A conventional explosive is packed behind the second subcritical... Free Essays on Atomic Bomb Free Essays on Atomic Bomb Analysis of the Atomic Bomb Ever since the dawn of time man has found new ways of killing each other. The most destructive way of killing people known to man would have to be the atomic bomb. The reason why the atomic bomb is so destructive is that when it is detonated, it has more than one effect. The effects of the atomic bomb are so great that Nikita Khrushchev said that the survivors would envy the dead (International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War, 1982). These devastating physical effects come from the atomic bomb’s blast, the atomic bomb’s thermal radiation, and the atomic bomb’s nuclear radiation. An atomic bomb is any weapon that gets its destructive power from an atom. This power comes when the matter inside of the atoms is transformed into energy. The process by which this is done is known as fission. The only two atoms suitable for fissioning are the uranium isotope U-235 and the plutonium isotope Pu-239 (OutlawLabs). Fission occurs when a neutr on, a subatomi! c particle with no electrical charge, strikes the nucleus of one of these isotopes and causes it to split apart. When the nucleus is split, a large amount of energy is produced, and more free neutrons are also released. These neutrons then in turn strike other atoms, which causes more energy to be released. If this process is repeated, a self-sustaining chain reaction will occur, and it is this chain reaction that causes the atomic bomb to have its destructive power (World Book, 1990). This chain reaction can be attained in two different ways. The first type of atomic bomb ever used was a gun-type. In this type two subcritical pieces of U-235 are placed in a device similar to the barrel of an artillery shell. One piece is placed at one end of the barrel and will remain there at rest. The other subcritical mass is placed at the other end of the barrel. A conventional explosive is packed behind the second subcritical...

Healthy vs Healthful

Healthy vs Healthful Healthy vs Healthful Healthy vs Healthful By Maeve Maddox A reader wonders about the use of the adjectives healthy and healthful: Would you please do a segment explaining how, when, and why healthy and healthful should be used correctly. My tentative belief is that people are healthy or not so; and that foods are healthful or not so. Am I correct? Many speakers like to draw a strict difference between these two adjectives, but it’s not necessary. The argument Some speakers insist that healthy must be applied only to someone or something that enjoys good health: The healthy children ran and played in the sunshine. Every country desires a healthy economy. Healthful, on the other hand, is to be used only to describe something that promotes or contributes to bodily health: The parents petitioned the school authorities to provide more healthful school lunches. The healthful ingredients include broccoli and cabbage. The reality When it comes to standard usage, healthy is used with both meanings by the majority of speakers and writers. In The New York Times, for example, one may read about both â€Å"healthy children† and â€Å"healthy breakfasts.† Both adjectives have been in the language for a very long time. The first OED citation for healthful with the meaning â€Å"wholesome, health-giving† is dated 1398. The first example of healthy with the same meaning is dated 1577. If making a distinction between healthy and healthful gives speakers a sense of satisfaction, then they should do so. However, they needn’t criticize the majority of speakers who use healthy with both meanings. The usage that pains my grammar nerve is this: How to Eat Healthy New Year’s Resolution to Eat Healthy A few speakers may say, â€Å"Eat healthfully,† but the online evidence suggests that healthy is about to morph into an adverb. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:The Meaning of "To a T"Excited ABOUT, not "for" Parataxis and Hypotaxis