The Methods of Statutory Interpretation Available to the Judiciary Essay

The Methods of Statutory Interpretation Available to the Judiciary - Essay Example The primary rules are the mischief rule, the literary and the golden rule. The judiciary also uses what is referred to as the purposive approach and typically enter the statutory interpretation process based on a set of presumptions.4 This research study analyses how the judiciary uses these rules, presumptions and the purposive approach for maintain consistency in the application of statutes. Presumptions The judiciary applies presumptions to guide them in the construction of statutes. There are essentially six main presumptions used by the judiciary. The first well known presumption is the presumption that penal laws are interpreted â€Å"strictly in favour of the citizen†.5 In R v Cuthbertson the House of Lords construed the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 in favour of the defendant. Under the 1971 Act, forfeiture was permitted in respect of any items the court felt were related to the offence. However, the House of Lords rules that since the provision did not state conspiracy to commit the offence, but rather specified the actual offence, forfeiture would not be permitted for a conspiracy offence under the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971.6 Other important presumptions include the presumption that statutes are not meant to alter the common law; statutory criminal offences are typically require the mental element of mens rea; Parliament does not intend to usurp the court’s jurisdiction; and statutes do not have â€Å"retrospective effect†.7 There are also a number of linguistic or language-based presumptions used by the judiciary in the interpretation of statutes. For example, the maxim noscitur a sociis dictates that words â€Å"take meaning from the context†.8 The maxim noscitur a sociis was applied in Muir v Keay in relation to the construction of the Refreshment Houses Act 1860. Under the 1860 Act houses to which the 1860 Act referred were house that provided refreshments, resort and entertainment to the public. It was held that entertainmen t in the context of the 1860 Act could not refer to theatre or music but rather applied to refreshment, reception and accommodations.9 Another instructive maxim related to the language of a statute used by the courts as a guide for the interpretation of statutes is expression unius exclusion alterius which means that: The express mention of one member of a class by implication excludes other members of the same class.10 For instance should a statute use the word â€Å"land† it can be assumed that land includes mines. However, if the word is grouped together with other words such as â€Å"lands, houses and coalmines† it can be assumed that the word land does not refer to any other mines aside from coalmines.11 The maxim ejusedem generis is also used by the judiciary as an aid in the interpretation and application of statutes by reference to the language used. The maxim ejusdem generis presumes that where a statute provides a list of specific words, any general term appe aring at the end of the list will be interpreted by reference to the list of particularized words.12 Maxims are methods of linguistic interpretation that help the

Exam Topics Home Ownership, Neighborhood Essay Example for Free

Exam Topics Home Ownership, Neighborhood Essay Home ownership Home ownership is one of the definitions of success in America. Generally people are judged by the houses they live in. It is not only the size and architecture of the house but also the type of neighborhood and the distance from different amenities. The progress in buying a house of ones own was steady from the 1930s right up to 2000. By 2000 69,8 million Americans lived in their own homes. But then the steady growth stopped and started falling back. By the end of the eighties the home-ownership rate had declined to 63,4 percent. Why did this happen? The basic reason for the turnaround is simply that home ownership, which was never cheap, has gotten more and more expensive. The reasons are follows. Ownership costs are increasing more than income. Cash down payments are out of any proportion as compared to what they were twenty years ago. Monthly principal (mortgage) and interes payments for a medium house are soared. Prices for homes are so inflated, particularly in good and safe neighborhoods, that tthey are beyond most peoples budget. Life-style changes are also influencing the home-ownership rate. There are more singles and childless couples who are unwilling to commit themselves to a mortgage. Steady home prices and a strong market formerly contributed to mobility, but owners can now find themselves immobilized by deflated but still expensive housing that can take a year or more to sell. Home ownership is becoming a thing of the past. Some experts predict that builders will eventually move toward smaller, more moderately priced housing demanded by many people. Owning is still far less risky than renting, since costs can be fixed with a long-term mortgage. Besides, the underlying desire to be your own boss is deeply ingrained in the American consciousness. Neighborhood Neighborhoods are an important element of the setting for a house. They may be steady or not, friendly or not, clean or not, safe or not. The list of qualifying adjectives can be endless. And still you must live with it if you have a house in this neighborhood. The ethnic origin and economic status of the people who live in the neighborhood often define it. Few neighborhoods today are static. They are constantly changing: people of different ethnic groups and economic status are beginning to live together in the same  neighborhoods. Many young professionals (doctors, lawyers, academics, etc.) move into traditionally poor neighborhoods because they can find larger and less expensive housing there. These young professionals often have money and power and they cause changes in the character of the neighborhood. This process is called gentrification. It then becomes too expensive for the poor residents and they move on. This is a way a poor, unfashionable inner city neighborhood may change into a very expensive area in the course of several years. The atmosphere of neighborhoods is also changing. Formerly one could always borrow a couple of eggs or a ladder from the friend next door. But their family has moved, and the people in there now are strangers. Some of the old sentimentality of neighborhoodliness has receded. There is no reason to have friendly ties with the people who live next door to you just because they happened to wander into a real estate office that listed the place next door to yours. The only thing neighbors have in common to begin with is proximity, and unless something more develops, that isnt reason enough to be best friends. It sometimes happens naturally, but the chances are very small that you neighbors will be your choice as friends. The best relationship with neighbors is one of friendly distance. You say hello, you make small-talk if you see them in the yard, you help each other in emergency. It is easier to produce nostalgia about a neighborhood than about a community, but a community is probably a better unit. A neighborhood is just a bunch of individuals who live in proximity, but a community is a group of people who rise above their individual limitations to get some things done for the public. The American Civil War The American Civil War, also known as the War between the States or simply the Civil War, was a civil war fought from 1861 to 1865 between the United States (the Union or the North) and several Southern slave states that had declared their secession and formed the Confederate States of America (the Confederacy or the South). The war had its origin in the fractious issue of slavery, and, after four years of bloody combat (mostly in the South), the Confederacy was defeated, slavery was abolished, and the difficult Reconstruction process of restoring unity and guaranteeing rights to the freed slaves began. In the presidential election of 1860, Republicans  led by Abraham Lincoln opposed expanding slavery into the territories. Lincoln won but before his inauguration on March 4, 1861, seven cotton-based slave states formed the Confederacy. Outgoing Democrat James Buchanan and the incoming Republicans rejected the legality of secession. Lincoln’s inaugural address insisted his adm inistration would not initiate civil war, leading eight remaining slave states to reject immediate calls for secession. A Peace Conference failed to find a compromise. Both sides prepared for war. The Confederates assumed that Europe was so dependent on King Cotton for its industry that they would intervene; none did and none recognized the new Confederate States of America. Hostilities began on April 12, 1861, when Confederate forces fired upon Fort Sumter, a key fort held by Union troops in South Carolina. Lincoln called for the creation of an army to retake it; meanwhile, four border slave states joined the Confederacy, bringing their total to eleven. The Union soon controlled the Border States and established a naval blockade that crippled the southern economy. The Eastern Theater was inconclusive in 1861–62. The fall 1862 Confederate campaign into Maryland ended at the Battle of Antietam, dissuading British intervention. Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which made ending slavery a war goal. To the west, by summer 1862 the Union destroyed the Confederate river navy, then much of their western armies, and the Union at Vicksburg split the Confederacy in two at the Mississippi River. In 1863, Robert E. Lee’s Confederate incursion north ended at the Battle of Gettysburg. Western successes led to Ulysses S. Grant command of all Union armies in 1864. In the Western Theater William T. Sherman drove east to capture Atlanta and marched to the sea, destroying Confederate infrastructure along the way. The Union marshaled the resources and manpower to attack the Confederacy from all directions, and could afford to fight battles of attrition through the Overland Campaign towards Richmond. The defending Confederate army failed leading to Lees surrender to Grant at Appomattox Court House on April 9, 1865. The American Civil War was one of the earliest true industrial wars. Railroads, the telegraph, steamships, and mass-produced weapons were employed extensively. The mobilization of civilian factories, mines, shipyards, banks, transportation and food supplies all foreshadowed World War I. It remains the deadliest war in American history, resulting in the deaths of an estimated 750,000 soldiers  and an undetermined number of civilian casualties. Historian John Huddleston estimates the death toll at ten percent of all Northern males 20–45 years old, and 30 percent of all Southern white males aged 18–40. Reconstruction. Ku-Klux-Klan Reconstruction of the Union held many promises. Black men and women in the South could move to their new home in Florida. Black refugees quickly poured into these lands. By 1865 40 thousand freedmen were living in their new home. But the opposition to the Reconstruction in the South steadily grew. In 1869 the Ku-Klux-Klan added organized violence to the whites resistance. Despite federal efforts to protect them, black people were intimidated at the polls, robbed of their earnings, beaten or murdered. By the early 1870s the failure of the Reconstruction was apparent. The Military Reconstruction Act of 1867 called for new governments in the South; it barred from political office those Confederate leaders who were listed in the Fourteenth Amendment. But the law required no redistribution of land and guaranteed no basic changes in southern social standards. Terrorism against blacks was widening. Nighttime visits, whippings, beatings, and murder became common. In time, however, the Klans purpose became not only economic (to keep the slaves) but also openly political and social. Klansmen also attacked white Republicans and school teachers who were aiding the freemen. Then in 1871 the actions of KKK moved Congress to pass two acts directed against the KKKs violence. These acts permitted the use of martial law, but they were unsuccessful in combatting the Klans activities. The Klans terror frightened many voters and weakened local party organization, but it did not stop Reconstruction. Throughout the South conventions met and drafted new constitutions. New governments were set up, and Republicans won majorities nearly everywhere. After 1877 thousands of blacks gathered up their possessions and migrated to Kansas. They were disappointed people who were searching for their share in the American Dream.

Is the Shroud of Turin Authentic? Essay -- Religion, Jesus, Resurrecti

The Shroud of Turin is probably one of the most unusual, profound, studied artifacts in the world. The Shroud is a linen cloth that contains the image of what appears to be a crucified man. Many people have speculated that it is the burial cloth of Jesus, while others speculate that it is an artistic painting. Over the years many test and studies have been conducted to prove once and for all if the Shroud of Turin is authentic or fake. Let’s look at different perspectives and outcomes of the testing and you decide for yourself what you think to be true. One study believes that the Shroud could be evidence of the resurrection of Jesus. It is believed that the linen cloth contains areas that coincide with the wounds Jesus is said to have incurred according to the Bible during his crucifixion. The patterns have a distinctive resemblance to where each cut, bruise, and punishment inflicted upon Jesus would have left on his body. (Thomsen, Science News) Some scientists are even saying that the image on the cloth is from a scorch or possible burn of some kind. However, they seem to think it is from a form of projection, because no contact was actually made to the cloth. (Thomsen, Science News) How can that even be possible? Scientist can’t explain that reasoning, so if it can’t be explained does that mean it didn’t happen? To those who feel everything needs proof or reasoning, yes, but to those who trust in faith and certain religious belief, anything is possible. The earliest documentation we have tells us that the mystery began in 1389. A Bishop by the name of Pierre d’ Areis wrote a letter to the pope of that era accusing a knight by the name of Geoffray II of placing a cloth in the church claiming it to be the original cloth us... ...hentic or not. I don’t believe that it’s a painting of any kind, but I’m still not convinced that it was the burial cloth of Christ. I do believe there was a resurrection and that Jesus suffered at the hands of those who set out to crucify him. I believe he was tortured, beaten, scourged, nailed, and speared through the side. However, even with my belief I’m not truly convinced that there’s enough factual evidence to say that the Shroud was that used to wrap Jesus. I’m no scientist by any means of the word. There is a lot of evidence that proves it could be authentic, but there’s not enough to prove without a shadow of doubt in my own eyes that is the case. To be completely honest we may never know if the Shroud of Turin is authentic, but we’ve made it this far without knowing. Does it really make a difference one way or the other to know? To me the answer is no.

Has Globalisation Destroyed the Power of the Modern State? Essay

There is not doubt that globalisation is one of the buzzwords of the twenty first century, radically transforming international relations around the world, and directly or indirectly altering the way we view global politics, but how much has it affected nation states and their power? Globalisation is a complex and abstract term which has been given many definitions and meanings. For the purpose of this essay, I shall use a single definition which is closest to what I think globalisation is, and when referred to in the essay, this is what is meant. Heywood (2011) states that â€Å"Globalization is the emergence of a complex web of interconnectedness that means that our lives are increasingly shaped by events that occur, and decisions that are made, at a great distance from us.† The causes of this interconnectedness can be broken down into three engines of globalisation; Cultural, Political and Economic. Cultural globalisation is facilitated by technological advances in communic ations and especially the internet. This enables a large amount of the developed worlds population instant access to vast amounts of information unaffected by physical borders (except when censorship is in place), which in turn is making the world more culturally homogeneous. The rise of multinational actors like transnational corporations (TNC’s (for example Sony, Nestlà © and Nike)), non governmental organisations (NGO’s (for example Greenpeace, Oxfam and Amnesty International)) and other international organisations (eg; UN, EU and NATO) means that there are more authoritative actors on the world stage, as opposed to historically, states being the only predominant actor. Globalisation means that the economic market is now truly global, as money can be shifted worldwide in an instant. This has facilitated businesses to operate in different countries to their home country to take advantage of cheaper labour costs, local resources and other factors, which mean goods are now manufactured on a global scale. All these factors mean that geographical distance and territorial borders are becoming â€Å"less significant† (Heywood 2011). Since the creation of the modern idea of statehood after the Peace of Westphalia (1648), the nation state has been vastly the most predominant actor on the world stage. Sovereignty allowed states to have sole power over what happened within their own borders, and disputes between states usually brought about war. The classic definition of a state as outlined in the Montevideo Convention has four features: 1) A defined territory. 2) A permanent population. 3) An effective government. 4) The capacity to enter into relations with other states.

Pfizer Company: A Presentation of Strategic Context

Pfizer is the number two largest biomedical and pharmaceutical research and development company in the world, boasting in excess of fifty Billion dollars per year in gross revenues. While the recession has hit many companies, the biotechnology and pharmaceuticals sector has remained not only relatively insulated, but in addition to that the forecasting models for growth predict a profitable future. Pfizer has had its share of growing pains, a cause for reduction in gross revenues comes primarily from a growth strategy to acquire another large biopharmaceutical company, yet net retained earnings have continued to increase at a rate of six percent annual average each year over the last three years. After Pfizer’s acquisitions of Wyeth they saw a substantial increase in operating profit margins due to increased efficiencies between the two companies. Pfizer has recently acquired a biopharmaceutical company named Wyeth. By purchasing Wyeth which specializes in vaccines, Pfizer has broadened their customer base by expanding their product line. This business practice aligns with Pfizer’s current pro-growth Strategy. It is clear, in most part; Pfizer’s business Strategy aligns with the wild wild west model of Industry Ecosystems. Pfizer if a relatively fast growing company, in an industry that thrives on making fast and furious technological discoveries, and they have a very high rate of customer retention due to patent protection. Pfizer has many competing technologies in the market place for such diseases as cardiac health, mental health, and infectious disease treatments. Their drug Lipitor is by far the highest grossing drug the company currently has on the market. Cardiac disease is the most common and fatal disease that Americans face. Lipitor functions by lowering low density lipids (or fats) in the blood stream thus promoting cardiac and circulatory efficiency and health. Pfizer’s patent on Lipitor is set to expire in November of this year which would potentially result in reducing their total revenues for that drug significantly because other companies could then introduce a generic substitute. The net effect of Lipitor’s patent expiration on Pfizer’s bottom line could be a reduction as large as ten percent of total gross revenues. Pfizer would be expected to retain approximately twenty percent of users which equals four percent of Pfizer’s total Gross Revenues. Some customers ill continue to use Lipitor, for example: those patients whose insurance does cover name brand medicines or patience of physicians that reject writing prescriptions for generic substitutes. This problem is a perfect example of one of Porters Key strategy principals that Pfizer follows, analyzing and protecting a threat of substitute products. How Pfizer addresses the problem is how they exercise his strategy. The current estimated retail cost of Lipitor is around one hundred and seventy dollars per month depending on the prescribed dosage. After November of this year it is very possible that we could see a generic substitute on the Wal-Mart four dollar list. Part of Pfizer’s Business strategy has been to launch legal battles for patent protections and extensions longer than the November 2011 date, which would result in a prolonged period of increased earnings and profits. To continue with an analysis of strategy, Pfizer uses both a combination of the resource based view in conjunction with the industry investment prospective. An example of this would be Pfizer’s acquisition of Wyeth which catered to a much broader and diverse section of the drug market. The resource prospective would say that Pfizer already has massive research and development capabilities, drug production and manufacturing systems, and well established distribution channels for its already long list of products, making Wyeth a fit for the company’s growth and expansion strategies. What is different from the resource based view and supports the industry investment strategy is that Wyeth is a leading researcher, developer, and provider of vaccines, which is a very lucrative industry in and of its self. The numbers of users for vaccines are much larger than for a specialized product such as Lipitor, yet vaccines still have patent protections that help drug companies keep prices high. These two companies merged together have much greater and sustainable competitive advantages than either one by itself. One of the resources that will help to fend off threats to their product lines is their pooling of resources for their in house legal team. As new products emerge from the research and development scientists, their joint capacity to protect their drug assets and keep products in the hands of the end users will inevitably eep other drug companies from capitalizing on the opportunities to produce generics. Some of the more rare and inimitable products are the ability to produce huge financial gains for Pfizer if they pass through all the stages of FDA screening protocol. Some areas Pfizer is currently investing research and development dollars are, DNA specific drugs, new small molecule compounds, Stem Cell therapies, Amino Acid therapies. DNA specific drugs have huge potential for Pfizer because many side effects can be prevented, allergies can be detected, and a shorter time line for approval to the FDA can result from better drugs. New small molecule compounds are useful because they tend to have fewer side effects which equal fewer liabilities and risk for the producer, and can be easier to develop and manufacture. Stem cell research also opens up a great deal of opportunity for drugs that work well on the cellular and molecular level, but can even be toxic or fatal in the human body. The method of drug delivery is many times the largest hurdle in getting an effective drug to the reaction site to produce the desired effect. Finally, and quite possibly most interestingly there are over three hundred and twenty know amino acids. Our human bodies produce or utilize only twenty four of them. Many of the reaction mechanisms on the molecular level can be imitated or recreated by unnatural amino acids meaning that we may see a huge increase in effective drugs with decreased side effects by utilizing these products. In conclusion Pfizer has acquired a great addition to its company with Wyeth as part of its pro-growth business strategy. It is clear that they have used a combination of both resourced based and industry based strategy. By tapping into a broad mass market via a new product by a new company Pfizer will have a clear competitive advantage over companies like Merk and Novartis. Pfizer is definitely leveraging their human resource assets to prevent substitute products from entering the markets. I believe that by exercising these strategies Pfizer can prevent slipping into the creative destruction life stage of a company.

Free Essays on Atomic Bomb

Analysis of the Atomic Bomb Ever since the dawn of time man has found new ways of killing each other. The most destructive way of killing people known to man would have to be the atomic bomb. The reason why the atomic bomb is so destructive is that when it is detonated, it has more than one effect. The effects of the atomic bomb are so great that Nikita Khrushchev said that the survivors would envy the dead (International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War, 1982). These devastating physical effects come from the atomic bomb’s blast, the atomic bomb’s thermal radiation, and the atomic bomb’s nuclear radiation. An atomic bomb is any weapon that gets its destructive power from an atom. This power comes when the matter inside of the atoms is transformed into energy. The process by which this is done is known as fission. The only two atoms suitable for fissioning are the uranium isotope U-235 and the plutonium isotope Pu-239 (OutlawLabs). Fission occurs when a neutr on, a subatomi! c particle with no electrical charge, strikes the nucleus of one of these isotopes and causes it to split apart. When the nucleus is split, a large amount of energy is produced, and more free neutrons are also released. These neutrons then in turn strike other atoms, which causes more energy to be released. If this process is repeated, a self-sustaining chain reaction will occur, and it is this chain reaction that causes the atomic bomb to have its destructive power (World Book, 1990). This chain reaction can be attained in two different ways. The first type of atomic bomb ever used was a gun-type. In this type two subcritical pieces of U-235 are placed in a device similar to the barrel of an artillery shell. One piece is placed at one end of the barrel and will remain there at rest. The other subcritical mass is placed at the other end of the barrel. A conventional explosive is packed behind the second subcritical... Free Essays on Atomic Bomb Free Essays on Atomic Bomb Analysis of the Atomic Bomb Ever since the dawn of time man has found new ways of killing each other. The most destructive way of killing people known to man would have to be the atomic bomb. The reason why the atomic bomb is so destructive is that when it is detonated, it has more than one effect. The effects of the atomic bomb are so great that Nikita Khrushchev said that the survivors would envy the dead (International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War, 1982). These devastating physical effects come from the atomic bomb’s blast, the atomic bomb’s thermal radiation, and the atomic bomb’s nuclear radiation. An atomic bomb is any weapon that gets its destructive power from an atom. This power comes when the matter inside of the atoms is transformed into energy. The process by which this is done is known as fission. The only two atoms suitable for fissioning are the uranium isotope U-235 and the plutonium isotope Pu-239 (OutlawLabs). Fission occurs when a neutr on, a subatomi! c particle with no electrical charge, strikes the nucleus of one of these isotopes and causes it to split apart. When the nucleus is split, a large amount of energy is produced, and more free neutrons are also released. These neutrons then in turn strike other atoms, which causes more energy to be released. If this process is repeated, a self-sustaining chain reaction will occur, and it is this chain reaction that causes the atomic bomb to have its destructive power (World Book, 1990). This chain reaction can be attained in two different ways. The first type of atomic bomb ever used was a gun-type. In this type two subcritical pieces of U-235 are placed in a device similar to the barrel of an artillery shell. One piece is placed at one end of the barrel and will remain there at rest. The other subcritical mass is placed at the other end of the barrel. A conventional explosive is packed behind the second subcritical...

Healthy vs Healthful

Healthy vs Healthful Healthy vs Healthful Healthy vs Healthful By Maeve Maddox A reader wonders about the use of the adjectives healthy and healthful: Would you please do a segment explaining how, when, and why healthy and healthful should be used correctly. My tentative belief is that people are healthy or not so; and that foods are healthful or not so. Am I correct? Many speakers like to draw a strict difference between these two adjectives, but it’s not necessary. The argument Some speakers insist that healthy must be applied only to someone or something that enjoys good health: The healthy children ran and played in the sunshine. Every country desires a healthy economy. Healthful, on the other hand, is to be used only to describe something that promotes or contributes to bodily health: The parents petitioned the school authorities to provide more healthful school lunches. The healthful ingredients include broccoli and cabbage. The reality When it comes to standard usage, healthy is used with both meanings by the majority of speakers and writers. In The New York Times, for example, one may read about both â€Å"healthy children† and â€Å"healthy breakfasts.† Both adjectives have been in the language for a very long time. The first OED citation for healthful with the meaning â€Å"wholesome, health-giving† is dated 1398. The first example of healthy with the same meaning is dated 1577. If making a distinction between healthy and healthful gives speakers a sense of satisfaction, then they should do so. However, they needn’t criticize the majority of speakers who use healthy with both meanings. The usage that pains my grammar nerve is this: How to Eat Healthy New Year’s Resolution to Eat Healthy A few speakers may say, â€Å"Eat healthfully,† but the online evidence suggests that healthy is about to morph into an adverb. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:The Meaning of "To a T"Excited ABOUT, not "for" Parataxis and Hypotaxis

Free sample - The Man of the Crowd by Alen Poe. translation missing

The Man of the Crowd by Alen Poe. The Man of the Crowd by Alen PoeNowadays it is practically impossible to find a person who does not read books, especially those of modern literature. It is present by the diversity of writers and poets whose masterpieces provoke so many different opinions, contradictory points of view and critical articles. Those books that describe certain periods in history are of greater interest among the readers, as they give complete imagination of the period that is known only from history. Films that are screened based on the books are very popular. Moreover, these works are rather interesting and they have already found their army of fans all over the world. These works are original but sometimes it is necessary to make some efforts in order to understand them correctly, as each reader may have his or her personal point of view. Those books and plays that describe certain periods in history are of great interest among the readers, as they give complete imagination of the period that is know n only from history. Films that are screened based on the books are very popular. It is usual state of affairs as everything in this world changes and these changes always mean something new and interesting. Among a great number of modern writers there is an author who attracts the readers’ attention by his stories, which are always interesting and original. Current paper is connected with the art and the book of Edgar Alen Poe. It is hard to argue that he is unusual and sometimes even mysterious writer. His thoughts are reflected in the works, which later become the object of studying and lively discussions. The achievement of the works by Alen Poe lies in the so-called balance amid the practical and the anagogical. The stories by Alen Poe are very interesting, but the main peculiarity of them is that sometimes they are rather difficult to read; it is necessary to pay attention to the special techniques that compose his style of writing.   What is really significant in the style of Alen Poe is his mode to utilize the character viewpoint in the story. Despite of the fact that it is performed in the way that even if the omniscient narrator employs a certain point of view of the character while depicting some events, the reader can observe the effect which is more like a mirror rather than advocate. The key topic under discussion of the present paper is the book The Man of the Crowd by Alen Poe. The main thing that the reader is interested in is what is beyond his ability to read.   The readers and professional critics state that this poem of the writer is one of the most complicated as it is rater difficult to read. Many of the critics say that this book does not allow reading itself. The main reason for it is not a complicated language, but topics. The set of events is very tricky and it does not permit readers to understand the book completely. The book is full of different odd and interesting images that make it very complicated for reading and understanding. Establishing trust and reliance with the reader, still, is what Poe is most attractive in doing, as it permits for the darkness and desolation that he feels to leach into the novel. When Poe tells about it, it does not seem unbelievable or outlandish. Instead, it looks like much more sensible that ache and horror is an inevitable part of a usual every day life. The author tries to tell that our life is full of drama and terror, and it should be treated as something usual, as they are also necessary to help people to see the difference between bad and good, evil and kindness.   Probably, this is the main reason why the book is considered strange and difficult to read. Poe is not interested in enjoyment and calm, although, and instead pays particular attention on some heartrending aspects of humanity. In some parts of writing, it might seem like an effort to bend the reader too much in the direction of what the narrator thinks, but the way Poe describes, it seems much more pragmatic and significant. The narrator tries to demonstrate his points of view about loneliness and isolation in society, thus making the story as strange as possible. The main peculiarity of the style of Poe is that he is depicting his characters and city in a dark colors, making it as dark as possible. Therefore, he does with the man in the crowd, making him very strange and different from the rest of the crowd. Dark colors help to convey the general mood of the novel and the image of the man in particular, describing the idea of loneliness and despair to that the author tries to pay attention,   considering it as an important part of life of every person. From the very beginning of the book, it seems very odd and difficult to understand and catch the main idea due to a great number of strange images and the mixture of languages. The author used some words of French and Greek origin to demonstrate the peculiarity of those times, when using foreign languages was fashionable. The people depicted in the novel behave the way as if there is no other way to express one's feelings except through relax action. Those people were the typical representati ves of that time, fashionable and lazy, thinking only about themselves. The main character of the story and the narrator as well is a man, who is wandering in the center of the city, in the crowd and depicting his thoughts and points of view. This man is wandering from side to side in the public square; nothing he does is aggressive or unlawful, yet the narrator has built him up into indistinct, despicable figure. From behind the window of a cafà ©, a convalescent, contemplating the crowd with delight. Finally, he rushes into the crowd in search of an unknown person whose face, glimpsed momentarily, fascinated him. Curiosity has become a fatal and irresistible passion. (Poe 9) The first thing that attracts the attention of the reader is the indifference of the man to everything around him. Probably, Poe tried to show that our world is full of odd people who are around us.   Perhaps, that is the drive force of the story: unusual and discomfiting people are all around us, if merely we notice them and this fact makes the story difficult to read, as it is based upon the ideas of the narrator’s imagination. He depicts the behavior of a lonely person in a night city. The opening of The Man of the Crowd depicts the emotions comprised in countless secrets and crimes; there are interior conflicts, fights, anxieties, and agonies results because of the disgust of the impenetrable crimes. The opportunity of these crimes is depicted by means of man of the crowd throughout his unidentifiable appearance. The unpredictable and unreadable behavior of the man in the crowd is probably the main reason why the narrator finds it difficult to read him, as his image comprises many unusual things that are so difficult to understand. The narrator depicts his thoughts about this man as: He arose confusedly and paradoxically within my mind, the ideas of vast mental power, of caution, of penuriousness, of avarice, of coolness, of malice, of blood-thirstiness, of triumph, of merriment, of excessive terror, of intense- of supreme despair. I felt singularly aroused, startled, fascinated. (Poe 12) Even though the narrator did not know this man of the crowd, he was obliged to follow him based on his expression that had never been watched by the narrator. He kept on following the man of the crowd, paying attention to his patterns of following people by the crowd and his waddle clothes and he concluded that he was  « the type and genius of deep crime. He refuses to be alone" (Poe   10). One more reason of the man to be hard for reading is the mixture of images and descriptions around him. On their setting, he looks like even more unusual. From the very beginning of the novel, the narrator used so many different descriptions, moving from one image to another, depicting people and town at the same time. It is rather for the reader difficult to turn his attention to another image. From the first sentences of the story, the narrator describes the town he is wandering about, depicting people and surroundings. Before noticing the man of the crowd, the narrator paid attention some different types of people. Their description is observed in the first pages of the novel. All of these people can be read due to their noticeable appearances. The narrator could easily understand their behavior and saw ha kind of persons they were looking at their appearance and cloths. They are so unsurprising and standard. Their movements show the narrator that they feel alone because of the large crowd around them. There was nothing special about their way of life, their motions and behavior were very easy to read and predict. Despite of all the luxury, these people were very lonely and all their actions were very easy to predict. Their movements sounded to the narrator as if these men were unconfident in their actions and motioned to themselves for aims of measurement. The man of the crowd, noticed by the narrator was beyond his ability to read. He was somewhat special and differed from the rest in the crowd. The narrator was following the man, but it was too difficult for him to read the man and his actions. As we know, unknown is always interesting as harder the task is, interesting and attracting it is to people. The man from the crowd was this very unknown and unpredictable person for the narrator, as it was unpredictable in his actions, despite all his simplicity. â€Å"My observations heightened my curiosity and I resolved to follow the stranger whithersoever he should go" (Poe 12).   This person is something that is very hard to read, Because of his unpredictable manner of behavior. On the once hand he was a simple man form the crowd, but on the other hand he was peculiar and differed from the rest of the crowd. The narrator could not read him according to his actions. The only thing that was clear was that this man felt very lonely despite of the fact that he was surrounded by the crowd of people. â€Å"Still more was I astonished to see him repeat the same walk several times†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Poe 14). The most odd and interesting to the narrator was that he could not foresee further actions of the man.   He was not interested in anything particular that is why the narrator could not determine what class the man belonged to, what was his occupation and way of living, as the rest people from the crowd were very easy to read. The behavior of the man was very strange, as if he was the person trying to find something that was lost many years ago.    Poe, Edgar A. The man of the Crowd. New York: BookSurge Classics, 2004

Harmful Effects of Flu Vaccine Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Harmful Effects of Flu Vaccine - Essay Example Scientists strive hard to develop new vaccines to effectively combat disease. This is a protracted process; and it takes several months to prepare a vaccine. Moreover, distribution of the vaccine is a time consuming task, and it takes months to distribute vaccine in the entire country. That is why vaccine manufacturers have to commence operations, well in advance of each flu season (Tesar, 2009). Viruses cause influenza and other respiratory ailments. The spread of seasonal diseases varies every year and season, and in every environment. The incidence of influenza in the age group up to 19 years was estimated to vary between 0 to 46%. The average incidence of influenza, in the same age group for a period of five years, was 4.6%. In children, the rate of incidence was 9.5%. It is not possible to generalize the outcomes of isolated studies and studies on small groups, regarding the effectiveness of vaccines. In addition, such studies are difficult to interpret (Jefferson, 2006). A tenth of those inoculated with such vaccine, experience side effects, like soreness at the site of the vaccination; and this is to a marked extent among children who are vaccinated for the first time. In addition, flu viruses change all the time and this leads to diversified virus strains. Consequently, flu vaccines have to keep on including these new strains (Tesar, 2009). The process of manufacturing flu vaccine usually starts in the month of February, when medical experts at the World Health Organization (WHO) recommend the composition of the vaccine to be manufactured, in order to meet the flu season of winter, in the Northern Hemisphere. In respect of the Southern Hemisphere, the vaccine production starts in the month of September. Vaccines consist of antigens from three virus strains; specifically two from type A and one from type B (Tesar, 2009). The effect of the flu vaccine varies from person to person, and these vaccines are effective amongst healthy youth. There is a

Ford's future Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Ford's future - Essay Example Its North American automotive business is hemorrhaging cash and market share† is the comment by Bryce G. Hoffman from Detroit News. The fall of the empire of Ford is evident from the fact that Fords domestic brands -- Ford, Lincoln and Mercury -- saw their combined share of the U.S. market fall 4.7 percent last year, from 18.3 percent in 2004 to 17.4 percent in 2005. A decade earlier, Fords market share stood at nearly 25.6 percent. Every percentage point of market share represents 170,000 vehicles. With this background this paper aims at analyzing the factors that led Ford to reach this no-alternative ‘Way forward’ position and the likely impact of the decision to cut jobs and close manufacturing facilities on the future of Ford. The financial results for the year 2006 would be the worst in the 103 years history of Ford. The old record net loss of $ 7.39 billion would be surpassed by the loss for the year 2006 as already the loss is mounted at $ 7 billion for the first three quarters of 2006 and for the fourth quarter more losses are expected by the analysts. The financial situation of Ford was worsened by the collapsing sales of its F series Pick up and truck based sport utility vehicles in which segments the company made huge losses. New product investments -- utilizing Fords global architectures and scale -- to deliver more new products faster, including more crossovers, hybrid vehicles, new small cars, increased spending on Fords truck leadership and new "white space" products. A lean and flexible manufacturing system combined with capacity matched to demand. Capacity will be reduced by 1.2 million units or 26 percent by 2008, representing the majority of actions within the plans 2006-2012 periods. In order to give life to the restructuring plan, Ford mortgaged nearly all of its domestic assets- its plants, office buildings, patents and trademarks — along with stakes in Ford Credit and Volvo, to raise $18 billion. Ford said its restructuring

Contract law in the 20th century Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Contract law in the 20th century - Case Study Example The case is connected with the situation when the parties were negotiating on the subject of Walford's buying the photography business belonging to Miles. They have come to a certain agreement as for the purchase, and Walford was going to provide Miles with the bank comfort letter with the purchase price; Miles in return was obliged and has agreed to terminate any other negotiations as for selling his business with any other third parties. Against previous agreement, Miles sold his business to the third party and thus Walford had to bring the case to the court for breaching the previous agreement. Traditionally, such kind of agreement would be called a 'lock-out' agreement, when one of the parties agrees not to perform negotiations for a certain period of time with any other third party; however, it was also concluded that the case lacked two essential components to be a 'lock-out' agreement: the period of time during which negotiations had to be stopped had not been defined, as well as any provision as for determining negotiations by Miles was absent. Despite the fact that Walford was insisting on the applicability of the good fait principle in the case, the Judge of the case, Lord Ackner, was sure that the principle of good faith was not applicable to negotiations, as it was contradicting the essence of negotiations as a notion. It was supposed that the principle of good faith is inconsistent with the notion of negotiations in the contract law, because it contradicts with the opposite opinions and positions the parties take in negotiations. However, the case should be viewed from another viewpoint: whether Lord Ackner was thorough in his research to state that the principles of good faith are

Sickle cell anemia Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Sickle cell anemia - Research Paper Example However, prior to their early age, functional asplenia commonly increases and it may cause death to children. This is due to septicemia or some other issues. This is except if SCA is immediately diagnosed, and is broadly cared for in a medical and home environment, creating maternity nursing an important factor of knowledge of the Sickle cell anemia for neonatal health care (Silverstein & Silverstein, 2007). As stated by Bloom (2001), research tool will explore all areas of research where it will compare and analyze the present and data from the research which will be carried out. The research tool always promotes more accurate findings by providing the expected findings. The research would intend to explore some of the effects and medical interventions to the patients experiencing Sickle cell anemia. Some research tools will be employed to assist in providing effective and reliable data and information. Qualitative and quantitative analysis would be used throughout the research. Some research questionnaires would be used, and patients and doctors would be asked to answer some questions which will be provided to them by a research team. Bibliometrics will also be used as it uses mathematical and statistical modes to examine and evaluate the finding of the scientific publications (Peterson, 2008). Particularly, this research is intended to support collaborations and innovation which will result to scientific advances. The research questions are listed below: As per reports from several studies, SCA is an inherited disease which affects mostly the Black population. In relation to the intensive studies, it affects around one person in every 400 people who are of African origin. As said by Peterson (2008), Sickle Cell genes are as well present in people from Mediterranean countries, for instance, Italy and Turkey. The first sign of SCA was reported in 1910 by some

Concert report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Concert report - Essay Example Some of which are my favorites – Californication, Behind the Sun, Aeroplane, Look Around, Can’t Stop, I Could Have Lied, and Scar Tissue. Just recently, the Red Hot Chili Peppers once again made history in the music industry during their concert held in Toyota Center, Houston Texas on October 20, 2012. Aside from the perfect indoor arena that would definitely hold the energy and vigor in their music reverberating all throughout the venue; and one that could seat more than 19,000 people and at the same time allow movement from its audience, the Red Hot Chili Peppers concert of 2012 was meant to be a blast. Kicking off the concert was a mash up of guitar, bass, and drum music arrangement that set the rock and funk vibe at its course. The second the lyrics from the song â€Å"Monarchy of Roses† were uttered, the crowd already went uncontrollably in a trance. This was immensely triggered by the enormous LED screen that projected abstract lines and colors in vibrant movement. Also, the first few songs sung were the loud and robust tracks that immediately gained audience’ interaction without being demanding or appearing too loud. After a couple of songs that made the audience shed a few sweats and turning the venue into a few degrees warmer, the band started singing songs with spirit. One of which that really startled the night would be â€Å"Look Around†. It is a song with a very groovy melody and yet a strong lyrics. A portion of which says: Another favorite song of the night was â€Å"Can’t Stop†. Aside from the energy of the song, its lyrics somehow told the story of how The Red Hot Chili Peppers as a band took it a step further that actually landed them to where they are today, touching millions of lives and sharing music that connects people from different walks of life together. This concert was indeed such a big success, though for sure the band already had numerous ones, because at every concert they continue to take, a

Customers' attitude towards online banking services in the UK Dissertation

Customers' attitude towards online banking services in the UK - Dissertation Example Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the factors that are responsible to make certain attitude of the consumers towards using internet banking services in the UK. This research considers two banking institutions: Lloyds Bank and Barclays Bank, and two non-banking financial institutions: Tesco and Virgin. All these institutes are UK based, and internet services provided by these institutes, studied to determine the attitude of the customers for their services. The approach selected to conduct this research is quantitative approach that is based on positivistic paradigm. The result revealed that the attitude of the customers of UK is positive towards the internet services provided by banking and non-banking institutions. ... ble 1: Frequency Tables – Barclays Bank 45 Table 2: Descriptive Statistics for Dependent Variable - Barclays Bank 47 Table 3: Descriptive Statistics for Independent Variables - Barclays Bank 49 Table 4: Frequency Tables – Lloyds Bank 511 Table 5: Descriptive Statistics for Dependent Variable - Lloyds Bank 52 Table 6: Descriptive Statistics for Independent Variables - Lloyds Bank 53 Table 7: Frequency Table - Tesco 55 Table 8: Descriptive Statistics for Dependent Variable - Tesco 57 Table 9: Descriptive Statistics for Independent Variables - Tesco 58 Table 10: Frequency Table - Virgin 60 Table 11: Descriptive Statistics for Dependent Variable - Virgin 60 Table 12: Descriptive Statistics for Independent Variables - Virgin 61 Table 13: Regression - Banking 64 Table 14: Regression – Non-Banking Financial Institutions 65 Table 15: Independent Samples Test 67 Chapter 1 - Introduction 1.1. Background In the retail banking services, online banking is relatively new phase and still many people are not properly aware of the offerings of online banking (Peevers, et al. 2011). There are different services that online banking offers to the customers so that they can perform their transactions and can request for the information of their accounts. This includes the â€Å"inquiry of balance, transfer of accounts, payment of bills, ATM card pin code†, and many other services that the banks are offering (Aladwani 2001). The successful key for developing economies is information, and most of the companies are thinking of switching their businesses from physical to online technology (Akinci et al., 2004). There are many factors responsible to influence the preference of the customers in terms of the online banking, and it is very important for the banks to understand these factors

Concert report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Concert report - Essay Example Some of which are my favorites – Californication, Behind the Sun, Aeroplane, Look Around, Can’t Stop, I Could Have Lied, and Scar Tissue. Just recently, the Red Hot Chili Peppers once again made history in the music industry during their concert held in Toyota Center, Houston Texas on October 20, 2012. Aside from the perfect indoor arena that would definitely hold the energy and vigor in their music reverberating all throughout the venue; and one that could seat more than 19,000 people and at the same time allow movement from its audience, the Red Hot Chili Peppers concert of 2012 was meant to be a blast. Kicking off the concert was a mash up of guitar, bass, and drum music arrangement that set the rock and funk vibe at its course. The second the lyrics from the song â€Å"Monarchy of Roses† were uttered, the crowd already went uncontrollably in a trance. This was immensely triggered by the enormous LED screen that projected abstract lines and colors in vibrant movement. Also, the first few songs sung were the loud and robust tracks that immediately gained audience’ interaction without being demanding or appearing too loud. After a couple of songs that made the audience shed a few sweats and turning the venue into a few degrees warmer, the band started singing songs with spirit. One of which that really startled the night would be â€Å"Look Around†. It is a song with a very groovy melody and yet a strong lyrics. A portion of which says: Another favorite song of the night was â€Å"Can’t Stop†. Aside from the energy of the song, its lyrics somehow told the story of how The Red Hot Chili Peppers as a band took it a step further that actually landed them to where they are today, touching millions of lives and sharing music that connects people from different walks of life together. This concert was indeed such a big success, though for sure the band already had numerous ones, because at every concert they continue to take, a

McDonalds customer service and training model Essay

McDonalds customer service and training model - Essay Example McDonalds have become the byword of fast food industry in the world today. "The company began in 1940 with a restaurant opened by siblings Dick and Mac McDonald, but it was their introduction of the "Speedee Service System" in 1948 that established the principles of the fast-food restaurant." http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonald%27s_Corporation Unlike usual restaurants, fast food joints have their own pertinent and unbreakable rules. These rules and policies are usually made by the top management and are interpreted and enforced by the Store Manager. Like any other chain businesses, McDonalds too are centrally managed. All the policies and rules are made centrally and the branches and franchises are simply expected to follow them. The least requirement of fast food business is that it has to maintain very high level of service and efficiency throughout to every customer and it should be of unquestionable quality. In addition, cleanliness and safety standards are exceptionally important. Fast food joints manage this through proactive floor control. Rest of all decisions are made by the centre of the organisation, and most of the decisions are foreseen, expected and already clarified. There are a certain differences between the regular res... More stringent and immediate financial control is maintained over the fast foods as money moves fast in these joints owing to brisk business. It is also true that careful and meticulous control at the spot is impossible in places like McDonalds and as such, accounting should be frequent. They cannot afford to wait for the monthly balance sheet. Profit and loss are controlled by accurate inventory aided by the frequent statistical reports and many other systems like ordering of replenishments on time and much in advance, manpower scheduling for the entire month and sticking to it, and urgent building maintenance, maintenance of supporting machinery, including that could be necessary at a later date. The entire concept of fast foods is that of a 'man in a hurry' as they are catering to men in proverbial hurry. So, equal forethought and time slots are allotted to administrative work, documentation, recruitee training, wage reviews, performance reviews and disciplinary actions and awards , pecuniary or otherwise. Efficiency is linked with the increase in the pace of life, according to Ritzer. It is beneficial for consumers and workers both, as more customers get served and profits are increased. "But as is the case with rationalization in general, and each of its dimensions, irrationalities such as surprising inefficiencies and the dehumanisation of workers and customers, emerge from the drive for increased efficiency," (Ritzer, 2000, p.40). According to him, fast food restaurant 'has helped turn efficiency into an increasingly universal reality'. Ritzer argues that because of the fastness of the food, 'the emphasis on quantity tends to affect adversely the quality of both the process and the result'. For customers eating on the run

Investment and Cost Savings Essay Example for Free

Investment and Cost Savings Essay Introduction The purpose of this report is to address the key strategic issues facing Coast4Life with the expected downturn ahead. Included is a financial analysis, identification of major issues, analysis of alternatives and a recommendation. Financial Analysis for the Year Ended 2012 (Appendix 1) * Current ratio of 1. 6 indicates that the company can meet its short term obligations. There is a 46% improvement versus last year’s current ratio of 1.1. Quick ratio of 1.8 shows a 50% improvement. * Total debt- to-equity of 1.5 shows a 12% improvement over prior year’s ratio of 1.7 indicating that the firm is relying less on debt. Times interest earned ratio of 6.4 improved by 30%. * Profitability ratios indicate overall earnings growth. Net margin of 15.2% grew by 18% compared to 12.9% in 2011 while Return-on-Equity (ROE) of 27.4% grew by 16%. Return on Investments (ROI) of 11.2% shows a significant 28% growth from 8.7% and posted a 14% favourable variance compared to target. * Revenue and net income grew by 13.4% and 33.3%, respectively. Major Strategic Issues With the expected estimated 30%-35% decline in the overall booking, the expected impact is a decline in income by $7M (Appendix 2). The proposed alternatives to generate additional revenues and or/ cost savings are evaluated using a required after tax rate of return of 16%. Alternative 1 – Change Customer Mix Objectives: Maximize Repeat Customers from 20% to 40% Maximize Age Group 40-60 years old from 30% to 38% Pros: * Incremental Income of $721K in 2013; $2.1M for the 3 years ahead combined (Appendix 3) * Opportunity to expand extra-services * Maximizes capacity/resources Cons: * Marketing constraints to target customer mix * May require additional costs to achieve target This option addresses the incremental income requirement. It maximizes profitability and provides opportunities to expand business ( in line with the company’s mission). Alternative 2 – Implement a web-based booking system Pros: * Incremental savings of $24K in 2013; $226K for the 3-yrs ahead combined (Appendix 4) * Opportunity for additional costs reduction (i.e. advertising, promotion) * Provides information about passengers * Opportunity to target more customers * Meets demand for Internet-booking * Accounting module improves financial reporting Cons: * Loss of customer service * Technology must be up to date and well maintained * Security (i.e. financial data, customers) This option meets the cost savings requirement. It also addresses the immediate need of the company for market/customer information and addresses constraints in alternative 1 (customer mix). This is in line with the company’s mission to provide unique services. Alternative 3 – Hire Crew and Hospitality Workers from Underdeveloped Countries Pros: * Incremental cost savings of $883K; $2.1M for the 3 years ahead combined (Appendix 5) * Cheaper wages Cons: * May damage reputation (poor service quality) * May dampen employees’ morale This alternative meets the requirement for cost savings. To ensure quality service, the company must invest in training. The company should also keep key employees (pros: assists in training, promotion could keep morale high). Long-term cost savings is attractive. Alternative 4 – Divest the Fraser dry dock Pros: * Incremental Income of $3.1M in 2013; $2.5M for the 3-years ahead combined (Appendix 6) * Focus on core business Cons: * Incremental costs of $438K per year (maintenance and lost income from the dry dock operations (Appendix 6) * Decline in company-wide morale * Damage to reputation and local ties * Quality of third-party maintenance This alternative meets the incremental income required. This allows the company to focus on its core business. However, long-term, the negative impact on income, reputation and ties with the community are not desirable. It is recommended to change customer mix and implement a web-based booking system. Both alternatives achieve the income requirement (total $745K in 2013; $2.4M for the 3 years ahead). Both alternative have low risk and provide more opportunities to maximize the use of its resources and capacity and expand business. Hiring crew and staff from underdeveloped countries is recommended if the high risk is mitigated i.e. by retaining key employees. Divesting the drydock is not recommended due to the incremental expenses associated in future years. Conclusion The recommended alternatives meet the requirement to generate revenue and/or cost savings to counter the expected downturn in 2013.

Ad Bank Semiotic Analysis: Cosmopolitan and Maxim Magazines Essay

Ad Bank Semiotic Analysis: Cosmopolitan and Maxim Magazines In our house, we have a girls' bathroom and a boys' bathroom. When entering into the women's private sphere of the bathroom, one cannot help but notice the mountain of women's magazines on top of the toilet. Similarly, the men's bathroom has its share of men's magazines stacked in their domain of masculinity. This essay will take a look at the advertisements in these infamous periodicals, to attempt to gain a better understanding of their message(s), and their appeal. Interestingly enough, both the men's and women's magazines tend to represent women in the same fashion. Cosmopolitan is the first thing I see when entering our bathroom. Month after month, the pile of magazines grows into a fine Cosmo collection. The covers are adorned with bright feminine colours and beautiful women -- the first thing to attract potential readers. Each issue has new faces and bodies, yet they all look familiar: how many more sex and make-up tips could they possibly have? The covers of the magazines themselves tell us what they are all about. By placing the two examples of Cosmopolitan covers side-by-side, there are many similarities that can be seen. They are relaying the same message. What is the message? Both have the stereotypical model on the cover of the magazines. They are blonde, blue-eyed, and are much slimmer than the average woman by far. The two are posing in similar ways, showing their midriffs and cleavage. Neither of them are really smiling, but look like they are ready to do something 'fun' and 'fearless.' Which explains the magazine's slogan: "Fun Fear less Female." The slogan is also addressing the kind of women who would read this kind of magazine. Career women in ... ...te as being 'normal' and 'good.' Unfortunately, the images of these women also bombard the pages of men's magazines as well. It is what they want to see. In reality, beyond the Cosmo and the Maxim, women like to talk about women, and men like to talk about women. The advertisements cater to their interests, but they essentially have the same idea. Women are commodified objects of sexuality which gives them power over the men, but men have the ultimate control because the women are using their sexuality to gain acceptance by men. Then both women and men come to value women according to their superficial good looks. This gets repeated again and again in advertisements. Our traditional male-dominated culture has been hegemonically maintained by objectifying women's bodies, especially in advertisements. Sources Cited: http://www.film.queensu.ca/Critical/Bai.html Ad Bank Semiotic Analysis: Cosmopolitan and Maxim Magazines Essay Ad Bank Semiotic Analysis: Cosmopolitan and Maxim Magazines In our house, we have a girls' bathroom and a boys' bathroom. When entering into the women's private sphere of the bathroom, one cannot help but notice the mountain of women's magazines on top of the toilet. Similarly, the men's bathroom has its share of men's magazines stacked in their domain of masculinity. This essay will take a look at the advertisements in these infamous periodicals, to attempt to gain a better understanding of their message(s), and their appeal. Interestingly enough, both the men's and women's magazines tend to represent women in the same fashion. Cosmopolitan is the first thing I see when entering our bathroom. Month after month, the pile of magazines grows into a fine Cosmo collection. The covers are adorned with bright feminine colours and beautiful women -- the first thing to attract potential readers. Each issue has new faces and bodies, yet they all look familiar: how many more sex and make-up tips could they possibly have? The covers of the magazines themselves tell us what they are all about. By placing the two examples of Cosmopolitan covers side-by-side, there are many similarities that can be seen. They are relaying the same message. What is the message? Both have the stereotypical model on the cover of the magazines. They are blonde, blue-eyed, and are much slimmer than the average woman by far. The two are posing in similar ways, showing their midriffs and cleavage. Neither of them are really smiling, but look like they are ready to do something 'fun' and 'fearless.' Which explains the magazine's slogan: "Fun Fear less Female." The slogan is also addressing the kind of women who would read this kind of magazine. Career women in ... ...te as being 'normal' and 'good.' Unfortunately, the images of these women also bombard the pages of men's magazines as well. It is what they want to see. In reality, beyond the Cosmo and the Maxim, women like to talk about women, and men like to talk about women. The advertisements cater to their interests, but they essentially have the same idea. Women are commodified objects of sexuality which gives them power over the men, but men have the ultimate control because the women are using their sexuality to gain acceptance by men. Then both women and men come to value women according to their superficial good looks. This gets repeated again and again in advertisements. Our traditional male-dominated culture has been hegemonically maintained by objectifying women's bodies, especially in advertisements. Sources Cited: http://www.film.queensu.ca/Critical/Bai.html

freedom of speech -- essays research papers fc

â€Å" Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press† -First Amendment, U.S. Constitution. According to the First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution, one of the basic principles our country is based on is the freedom of speech. Because of this, as eras and ages have passed in this still young and growing country, this amendment has had a greater use then stated, as to just insure a citizen of this right; rather it is used and many times directed towards individuals who have suffered great injustices and forms of oppression in the nation and their strive for liberation. However, what speech is such thus uses to reach this liberation and freedom? What hidden phantom is it that can improve the reality of an individual being oppressed and transcend them from injustice in America? The answer is none other than the English language. It is the use of this language, written and spoken, which has altered the subjectivity lived in the past, as well as today. Take for instance the first official document our country based its freedom on, in the The Declaration of Independence of the Thirteen Colonies. This document has laid the foundation of freedom and liberation from past oppression (British injustices)and in this country still existing today. However when viewing this document, one must take careful note of not only the theme of the document, rather the text itself to fully understand the genius and skill put forward in scribing such an influential document. For instance, a couple lines from the top, the author(s) state â€Å"We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness† (Declaration 1). First should be noticed the type of voice used in this segment of the document. From this passage, throughout the rest of the document, the voice is of plural (or as seen â€Å" We hold...†). With using â€Å"We† rather than â€Å"The individuals of the colonies† or such else, the author(s) intern portray an equal status with the reader, as not only a citizen rather as a peer. A second passage from this document which personifies the use of the English language in the str... ...ng this metaphor, especially in this context, King compares that to church bells and other form of peaceful bells that ring. As a result, seen once again, is this emotional appeal through metaphorical analysis. In conclusion, the English language has and still plays an essential role in the liberation of the past and the oppositions still faced today.. Since the beginning of the nations existence, through the civil rights movements, carrying over till today, the first amendment, with this English language, has proven to be of great validity and importance. It can thus be concluded that the English language is essentially, the speech of freedom! Works Cited Breitman, George Malcolm X Speaks (pp. 23-44), (Ed). Published in 1965 by Grove Weidenfeld: New York, NY. King, Martin Luther: "I Have a Dream"delivered 28 August 1963, at the Lincoln Memorial, Washington D.C.

The Collapse of the American Dream

The Collapse of the American Dream â€Å"The American Dream has run out of gas,† said JG Ballard, a prominent English novelist. The American Dream was once a reality, a time when the citizens of America were the simple migrants who had immigrated because they sought a place where they could dictate their own fate. It was further developed in the 1770’s, and was referenced to by a great document through the words â€Å"all men are created equal† and that they are â€Å"endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable Rights† including â€Å"Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness. These words are the basis of the Dream, which is now defined by Webster’s dictionary as the ideals of freedom, equality, and opportunity traditionally held to be available to every American. For generations, achieving the dream was the goal of all Americans. However, this period of happiness did not last long; for times change, and the people along with them. Today, th e American dream has evolved into an unachievable illusion, caused by a capitalistic economy, human nature and the government. To start off, the American dream is unattainable because of the capitalist economy. For example, in the Grapes of Wrath, the Joads are unable to get jobs because of the income disparity in the economy. When traveling the California, a garish one-eyed man appears. He tells the Joads how the flyers that advertise job are actually fraud. To fill 800 positions they print out several thousand flyers. Employers use unemployment to their advantage and drive wages down further making it impossible for many to achieve the American Dream. The Capitalistic economy strives to maximize profits, regardless of human consequences. The Joads end up losing their so called American dream and their family endures much suffering which causes them to break apart Similarly, In the Great Gatsby, Fitzgerald presents the American Dream as a corrupt shadow of what it once was. The valley of ashes, one of the settings of the novel, is a capitalist wasteland that represents the degradation of the Dream. Fitzgerald compares the valley of ashes with the Eggs, the other setting, on many occasions. All descriptions of the valley of ashes are grim. The poor live in the ashes compared to the wealthy who live in clean and extravagant communities. This shows the disparity caused by capitalism; only the rich can enjoy their lives, while the poor must work long hours of manual labor in order to survive. The dream is nonexistent to anyone who is not born with a silver spoon. The time where one could work hard and rise from rags to riches is gone. Likewise, in the recent Muppets movie, the characters are hindered on their way to the American dream by the capitalist oil baron Tex Richman. He tries to raze Muppet studios and drill for the oil beneath it. This once again shows that capitalism does not care for human rights; it’s only goal is money and power. But naturally, since the Muppets is a children’s movie, Tex becomes a better person by the end of the movie. Sadly, it is not so in reality. People are not afraid to go out and kill each other’s dreams for personal gain. Next, The American Dream is unreachable because of the government. For instance, in To Kill a Mockingbird, Tom Robinson is denied the American dream because of the biased system. Long before the trial occurs, Harper Lee makes the reader recognize how prejudiced Maycomb county is. Atticus acknowledges this fact when he tells his brother John that the jury couldn’t possibly taken Tom Robinson’s word over the Ewell’s. And later, even though Atticus points out plenty of holes and discrepancies with Mayella’s story, the jury refuses to believe the word of a black man. For Tom, the worst part of the deal is being imprisoned after the court hearing. This, Atticus says, is what led him to try to escape; â€Å"he was tired of white man’s justice. † The American Dream is nonexistent to all colored folks because they were denied their basic liberties by the system that was supposed to protect them. Likewise, in the novel Anthem the people of future world are denied their American Dream by the government. Equality, the protagonist of the novel, is a very intelligent person who desires only to be a scholar. Instead, the government delegates him the task of street-sweeping. Later, when he discovers the light, the government, instead of praising his accomplishment, shuns him and banishes him from society. Thus, his Dream to unify mankind and teach them about the wonders of the unmentionable times is killed. Lastly, The Night Thoreau spent in Jail presents Henry David Thoreau, an able man, fighting for his dream, though the government forestalls him at every turn. The Mexican war is going on in during the novel. Thoreau, the protagonist, does not believe that it is a just war and refuses to pay tax. He is so determined to prove his point, that he even goes and lives in the woods, creating a sanctuary he calls his Walden. Still, the government throws him in jail, and he continues to refuse to pay, boycotting the war. Finally, he is kicked out of jail and finds that he made no impact. The war was as Abraham Lincoln said was â€Å"of the sheerest deception,† as the people had no choice in the matter. So, Henry David’s dream was unfinished, and he died a heart-broken death at the age of 45. Finally, the American Dream is unachievable because of human greed. Although this great nation was founded on the noblest of principles, the founding fathers forgot one crucial detail; people always want more than they have. According to Daniel Gilbert, a highly esteemed professor and writer of the Futile Pursuit of Happiness, says that people have a tendency to miswant, or mistakenly believing that wanting something will bring one happiness. This leads them to think that money, is the most important thing, and soon, they stop at nothing to achieve more and more money, often throwing others under the bus. The novel, Death and the American Dream, by Daniel Cano, is about a Mexican revolutionary who wants to start over in America. He is actually an American citizen, but his only identification is his American passport. His friend, desperate for money, steals his passport and makes him look like an illegal immigrant to get a reward. It is a story of betrayal, politics and life; a shockingly real portrayal of life today. Similarly, they say that life is a race. What they don’t say is that if one falls, he is unlikely to ever get up again. In conclusion, the American Dream is now just an unattainable dream, instead of a reality because of the capitalistic economy, the government and human nature. When this nation was first created, American believed that wealth, prosperity and happiness could be created through handwork and perseverance. But now, with society on the verge of collapse, America needs to stop dreaming and wake up. Works Cited Cano, Daniel. Death and the American Dream. Tempe, Ariz: Bilingual, 2009. Print Gertner, Jon. â€Å"The Futile Pursuit of Happiness – New York Times. † The New York Times – Breaking News, World News & Multimedia. New York Times, Sept. -Oct. 2003. Web. 14 Dec. 2011. Fitzgerald, Francis Scott. The Great Gatsby. Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin, 1986. Print. Lawrence, Jerome, and Robert Edwin Lee. The Night Thoreau Spent in Jail. New York: Hill & Wang, 1970. Print. Lee, Harper. To Kill a Mockingbird. Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin, 1973. Rand, Ayn. Anthem. New York: Plume, 1999. Print. Steinbeck, John, and Robert J. DeMott. The Grapes of Wrath. New York: Penguin, 2006. Print.

Outline and Evaluate Research Into Conformity

Outline and evaluate research into Conformity as an explanation of Human Social Behaviour â€Å"Conforming† is when a person changes the way they act and think to fit in with the majority of people in a group to gain acceptance. Kelman (1958) said that there are 3 types of conformity, Compliance, which means going along with others to gain approval and avoid rejection and accepting the group view in public but not private. Identification is conforming to someone who is liked and respected and Internalisation is accepting the group’s beliefs and accepting it both publicly and privately.However this essay will be discussing the two main theories as to why people conform, Informational Social Influence and Normative Social Influence as well as other factors that can affect as to why people conform. Informational Social influence is when an individual goes along with the majority because they believe that the majority is right and better informed then they are. Sherif (1935 ) conducted a study to test this theory in which he put the participants in a darkened room with a stationary point of light and asked them to say how much the light seemed to move and in what direction, with the participants giving their individual answers.Sherif then put them into groups of three and asked them to answer again. Sherif found that the participants changed their answer to reflect the groups as they believed the group was better informed and correct, which is an example of Informational Social Influence. However Sherif used an ambiguous test, it was impossible for Sherif to measure how far the light moved, and because it was impossible to provide a ‘correct’ answer, then it was also impossible to say for certain that the participants in the experiment had actually conformed.Also Sherif’s study lacked ecological validity as the test wouldn’t occur in everyday life and so the behaviour could be artificial. The other theory as to why people con form is Normative Social influence which is when an individual complies with the group, changing their behaviour and goes along with the majority publicly to avoid rejection but privately disagrees with their view. This was evidenced in Asch’s (1951) study into conformity with an unambiguous task. Asch put the participants into groups f seven, with all but one participant being confederates of the Asch. The group was shown a set of three lines and a separate reference line and the task was to judge which of the three lines was the same length as the reference line, with each set consisting of one line that was obviously the same length and two lines that were obviously different. The group gave their answers one by one with the â€Å"naive† participant answering in second to last place, and the confederates intentionally gave the wrong answers.Asch found that 37% of the responses the participant gave were the wrong answers the confederates gave, showing the participant conformed. Asch also found that the larger the majority, the higher level of conformity although above four, the level didn’t increase much and when there was a dissenter going against the group, conformity levels dropped drastically. Also when the task was made more difficult, conformity increased.Asch’s study has been criticised as being a â€Å"child of it’s time† as it was conducted in 1950’s America where conformity was more likely to occur. Another criticism is the sample of participants were all young male students from the same university and so the results can not be generalised. The study also lacked ecological validity as judging line lengths is not an everyday task. However what these theories do not consider is social roles. Zimbardo (1973) conducted an experiment to see what affect social roles would have on someone’s behaviour.He created a mock prison in the basement of Stanford University and recruited 24 male participants, who did not have aggressive personalities, to be â€Å"guards† and â€Å"prisoners† and informed them of what the experiment was about. To make the experience as realistic as possible Zimbardo had the prisoners â€Å"arrested† and given prisoner uniforms. The guards were given uniforms and mirrored sunglasses and had to enforce the rules of the prison. The prisoners rebelled on the first day and the guards responded by aggressively enforcing order and discipline within the prison.They used fire extinguishers against the prisoners, locked individuals in a dark broom cupboard for hours at a time, constantly harassed them, and even played prisoners off against each other. Over time the prisoners became more and more subdued and took on the submissive role of the prisoner. The guards began to enjoy the power they had, and their use of aggression and harassment steadily increased as they took on the dominant role of prison guards.The experiment had to be stopped earl y due to how dangerous and brutal it became, with three prisoners being released early due to severe psychological distress. Zimbardo concluded that the roles the participants found themselves in and the environment caused the behaviour displayed as both the guards and prisoners conformed to the behaviour they believed that role should display. Both guards and prisoners rapidly conformed, in just a few days, to the social roles that the situation placed them in.Zimbardo’s experiment has been deeply criticised as it was very unethical and he deliberately put the participants into a situation that caused them physical and psychological harm. There are also ecological validity issues as prison officers apply to be prison officers in real life, unlike the experiment where they could be guards or prisoners, and prison officers do not work 24 hours a day, which brings the ecological validity of the experiment into question. There are also other factors we must consider which affect whether people conform. One factor is the culture in which people are brought up.People who come from a collectivist culture are more likely to conform then someone from an individualistic culture as the collectivist culture focuses on group mentality and places the needs of the group over the needs of the individual, so a study in a highly individualistic culture like America can yield different results then conducting the same study in a highly collectivist culture such as China. Another factor is the time period the study was conducted in. The attitudes of that particular period can affect the results and may not hold true today.Thus the study might be measuring the attitudes of that time period and conducting the same study in a different time period could bring different results. Individual differences also play a part as a person’s age, their life experiences, education and gender can affect if and how much a person will conform. Recent research has suggested that wome n are more likely to conform then men as women are more socially orientated and thus will fear social rejection more. The group size also has an impact on conformity levels as the bigger the group is, the more pressure there is to conform.The unanimity of the group as well, if everyone agrees on an issue then the group pressure to agree with the group is huge, but if there are dissenters among the group then the group pressure decreases and it’s easier to resist conforming. The type of task is also a factor, if the task is difficult or ambiguous; people are more likely to defer to other people or a group and conform as the person believes the group has more information and is right, whereas if the task is easy and unambiguous the person is more likely to resist conforming.Conformity is a big factor in human social behaviour as every human feels the need to fit in with groups and society as a whole, which drives our social behaviour. As the research shows, people conform to av oid social rejection and because society expects them to behave in a certain way. Conformity can be a good thing, such as when people conform while they are driving and drive on the right side of the road, however conformity can also be a bad thing such as the guards conforming to the social roles in Zimbardo’s prison experiment, causing them to display aggressive behaviours.

Fundamental Rights

The Fundamental Rights are defined as the basic human rights of all citizens. These rights, defined in Part III of the Constitution, apply irrespective of race, place of birth, religion, caste, creed or sex. They are enforceable by the courts, subject to specific restrictions. The Directive Principles of State Policy are guidelines for the framing of laws by the government. These provisions, set out in Part IV of the Constitution, are not enforceable by the courts, but the principles on which they are based are fundamental guidelines for governance that the State is expected to apply in framing and passing laws.THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DIRECTIVE PRINCIPLES AND FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS Fundamental Rights and Directive Principle are integral components of the same organic constitutional system and no conflict between them could have been intended by founding fathers. But the view of Supreme Court on the relationship between Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles have not been uniform th roughout.There are three possible views on the relationship between Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles. The first view is that former are the superior to the latter and so the latter must give way to the former in case of repugnancy or irreconcilable conflict between the two. The second view is that Fundamental Rights and directive principle are equal in importance and hence , in case of conflict between the two an attempt must be made to harmonise them with each other.The view is that Directive Principles are superior to Fundamental Rights mainly because the constitution provide that the former are ‘fundamental in the governance of the country’ and it shall be the ‘duty’ of the state â€Å"to apply these principle in making laws† and the binding nature of law does not cease to be so merely because it can not be enforced. These different view regarding the relationship between Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles have been pronounced by the judiciary at different times .In the following chapters an attempts has been made to examine the role of judiciary in relation to the Directive Principles with the Fundamental Rights. History: The relationship between the Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles is best illustrated in the Article 37. It provides that Directives are not enforceable in a court of law. But, they are fundamental in the governance of the country and it shall be the duty of the state to apply them in making laws.In view of such provision, there have arisen certain conflicts between the Directive Principles and Fundamental Rights. But, as of now Article 39(b) and 39(c) can take precedence over Fundamental Right enshrined under Article 14 and Article 19. A survey of historical development in relationship between Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles are as follows. i. During the initial period from 1950 to 1966 there was emphasis on sacrosanct character of Fundamental rights.The Supreme Cour t held the view that if two interpretations of a law are possible, the one avoiding conflict should be accepted. But in case of a single interpretation, leading to conflict fundamental right would prevail other directive principles. In this view, constitutionality of 1st Amendment Act was hailed as valid. ii. In the historic Golan Math’s case, 1967, the Supreme Court emphasized on unamedability of the fundamental rights which have been given a ‘transcendental position. ’ iii. The Government passed 24th and 25th Amendment Act 1971.The 24th Constitution Amendment Act made it clear that the Parliament has power to amend any provision of the Constitution, including the fundamental Rights. The 25th Constitution Amendment Act introduced Article 31(c) which provides that in case of implementing Article 39(b) and (c) if there is axorrflict with fundamental right, the , law shall not be declared null and void. iv. In Keshavananda Bharati case overruled the Golaknathâ€⠄¢s case but made it clear that courts retained the power to judicial review in case of law giving effect to directives under Article 39(b) and (c).One of the crucial implications of this judgment was ‘basic structure’ which cannot be altered. v. During the period of Emergency Parliament passed the 42nd Amendment Act, 1976 which provided for implementation of directives other than only under Article 39(b) and (c). vi. In Minerva Mill’s case, 1980 the Supreme Court declared that a balance between Part III and Part IV was a basic feature of the constitution. This abrogated the view of giving precedence to the directives over fundamental rights.Significance of Directive Principles of State Policy: Firstly, they are intended to usher an egalitarian order, once the limitations or resources is overcome and state is competent enough to fulfill them. For, most of the directives are resource consuming. Secondly, they have exercised an important check on the government. Ri ghtly remarked by Ambedkar that the directives ‘can be the best election manifesto Thirdly, they guide both, the government and the people in the realm of politics and society. They have significant educative value.Fourthly, they emphasize the goal of welfare state and social justice that are warranted in Indian polity and keep check on elitist or populist measures. Despite accusations of being nothing more than ‘moral precepts’ or ‘dead wood in living tree’ and alike, it cannot be denied that the directives have helped (directly or indirectly) in shaping the face of our polity. It has been seen with optimism by leadership as well as people to be of paramount importance. For, â€Å"both have inevitable interest in building a more egalitarian society than they have! Directives help in achieving this objective.

Development of Business Information Systems in Snappy Happy Catering Essay

Development of Business Information Systems in Snappy Happy Catering Ltd - Essay Example This essay states that in today’s highly competitive world where knowledge is power, the information system has become a major functional area of an organization together with finance, operations, marketing and human resources management. The information system is a major source of information and support needed to promote effective decision-making of managers. It is a major contributor to operational efficiency, employee productivity, morale, customer service and satisfaction. It is a vital ingredient in developing competitive products and services that creates a strategic advantage to the organization. In today’s networked world, an information system is a key component of resources, infrastructure and capabilities. In summary, it can be concluded that the information system has become a strategic tool to grow the business, to compete in the market and improve their position in the industry. Snappy Happy Catering Ltd, that was analyzed in the essay explores their poss ibilities with supply chain management system and a human resource information system in order to improve operational efficiency and to meet their business objectives. It is also conclued that in order to identify the suitable information systems for the Snappy Happy Catering Ltd company, the management team must organize several meetings aimed at selection of the systems. Typically, every round table discussions must have an agenda based on the steps, that were provided and be attended by all department heads. ... In today's highly competitive world where knowledge is power, information system has become a major functional area of an organisation together with finance, operations, marketing and human resources management. Information system is a major source of information and support needed to promote effective decision-making of managers. It is a major contributor to operational efficiency, employee productivity, morale, customer service and satisfaction. It is a vital ingredient in developing competitive products and services that creates a strategic advantage to the organisation. In today's networked world, information system is a key component of resources, infrastructure and capabilities. In summary, IS has become a strategic tool to grow the business; to compete in the market; and improve their position in the industry. (Iansiti & Favaloro, 2006) Task 2 Snappy Happy Catering Ltd Snappy Happy Catering Ltd may explore a supply chain management system and a human resource information system in order to improve operational efficiency and to meet their business objectives. In order to identify the suitable information systems for the company, the management team must organize several meetings aimed at selection of the systems. Typically, every round table discussions must have an agenda based on the steps provided and be attended by all department heads. There are three steps in the selection and management process. First step involves planning, identifying and justifying IS. Information systems are enablers of business processes, their planning must be aligned with the overall business plan of the organisation and the specific decisions or tasks they support. It must be justified through cost-benefit

Methods for Establishing Component Priorities Assignment

Methods for Establishing Component Priorities - Assignment Example On the other hand, BIA scenarios and components also form an important way of establishing component priorities during business impact analysis (Roebuck, 2011). For example, an analysis of what happens in different scenarios may be used to provide essential data on the nature of threats faced and the possible impacts or scenarios in the event of an emergency such as data security lapse. Financial and service impact of components not being available is another aspect of business impact analysis that can also be used as a method of establishing component priorities. This is particularly because the financial and service impact analysis can provide details and information related to the potential financial consequences or monetary impacts of a given component. Lastly, recovery time frameworks are critically significant in addressing the recovery time requirements including the maximum time that the business can tolerate when certain business functions are absent, in order to help the coordinators in the identification of the most critical, short term, medium term as well as long-term intervention measures that need to be undertaken. Business enterprises revisit the common business operations and processes while developing business impact analyses. At the initial stage, the business first discusses the critical business operations through the creation of a set constituting every operational area of the business together with the SME associated with each area (Barnes, 2001). The role of the SMEs is to brainstorm then generate a set of questions to pose to other areas followed by a compilation of the results.